Exam 1 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Which type of glands are ductless and use the bloodstream to transport production?
A
Endocrine
2
Q
Endocrine gland effects are typically _______ acting and _______ lived than those of the nervous system
A
Slower/Longer
3
Q
________ and _________ of physiological process via the production of chemicals called __________.
A
Communication/coordination
hormones
4
Q
Chemical messengers that influence the activities of other tissues and/or organs.
A
Hormones
5
Q
Hormones regulate ________, ______, _________, ______/______ balance.
A
metabolism, growth, reproduction, water/electrolyte
6
Q
Two classifications of hormones.
A
Protein hormones
Steroid hormones
7
Q
Steroid hormones are produced in ________, _______ and ______.
A
adrenal cortex, ovaries and testes
8
Q
Many target tissues/organs
A
wide-spread effects
9
Q
Fewer target tissues/organs
A
limited effects
10
Q
very specific ______ on the tissue/organ make it the _______.
A
receptors
target
11
Q
Hormones bind to very specific receptors like “______ and _____”
A
Lock and Key
12
Q
Type of hormone that only activates with receptors on the MEMBRANE.
A
Protein hormones
13
Q
________ hormones are ______-based which does not mix well with ______ found in the membrane. So, there are specific receptors in the membrane which activate them.
A
Protein…. water-based…. Lipids
14
Q
Second messenger activated after receptor accepts protein hormone
A
c-AMP
15
Q
Activation of c-AMP alter _______ activity
A
enzyme
16
Q
_______ hormones are cholesterol-based (lipid). So, they pass through the ________ to reach the complimentary receptor in the ________.
A
Steroid… membrane… nucleus
17
Q
Steroid hormones reach the complimentary receptors in the nuclei and tell ____/_ ___ to produce the complimentary ______.
A
DNA/a gene… protein
18
Q
Negative feedback loop for cortisol:
A
hypothalamus releases hormone –> pituitary gland releases ACT H –> adrenal cortex produces cortisol.
19
Q
Biorhythms (and time frame)
A
Circadian rhythm (1 day) Menstrual Cycle (1 month)
20
Q
CNS Control (part of brain and a system)
A
hypothalamus/sympathetic nervous system
21
Q
The ______ ____ sits in the hypophysial fossa on the skull
A
Pituitary gland
22
Q
Pituitary gland consists of two primary parts:
A
Anterior and Posterior lobe
23
Q
Third lobe (of pituitary gland) -
A
FETAL pituitary gland
24
Q
The pituitary gland sits in the _________ ______ of the skull
A
Hypophysial Fossa
25
Anterior Pituitary is composed of _________ tissue.
glandular
26
Hypothalamus secretes releasing or release-inhibiting hormones that reach the anterior pituitary via the _________ - ________ portal system (origin-destination)
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
27
The anterior pituitary secretes ___ hormones.
Six
28
Growth hormone primarily effects ______, _______ and ______ muscle
bones, cartilage and skeletal muscle
29
Growth hormone increases metabolism which forces the body to use ___ as fuel instead of _____. This raises ______-_____ levels.
fat... sugar... blood-sugar
30
Hyper secretion of GH during childhood
gigantism
31
hyper secretion of GH during adulthood
acromegaly
32
Hypo secretion of GH
Pituitary dwarfism
33
Target tissue of prolactin
mammary glands
34
Hormone that stimulates milk production after childbirth
Lactogenic hormone
35
Tropic hormones (control other glands) - TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (adrenal cortex)
Gonadotropic Hormones:
-Follicle Stimulating Hormone (egg/sperm maturation - gametes)
-Luteinizing Hormone (sex - testosterone/estrogen)
36
Posterior pituitary composed of _______ tissue.
Nerve
37
Posterior pituitary is and extension of the _________
hypothalamus
38
Posterior pituitary is a _______ ____ for the hypothalamus.
storage unit
39
Posterior pituitary secretes two hormones:
ADH and oxytocin
40
ADH(?) - target organ
Antidiuretic Hormone
| Kidney
41
Antidiuretic hormone responds to increased blood _________ and decreased blood _____
concentration... volume
42
Antidiuretic hormone _______ water by decreasing ______ ______.
conserves..... urine volume
43
Lack of Antidiuretic hormone secretion
diabetes insipidus (excess urination)
44
Oxytocin target organs
uterus and mammary glands
45
"Bonding" hormone
Oxytocin
46
MSH(?) and function
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone - causes skin to darken
47
POMC
Pro-opiomelanocortin
48
Located in the anterior neck (two lobes)
Thyroid gland (right and left lobes)
49
Thyroid is made of two cell types
```
Follicular cells (larger)
Parafollicular (smaller)
```
50
Two hormones secreted by follicular cells of thyroid(?) and function
T3 - Triiodothyronine
T4 - Tetraiodothyronine
Regulate metabolism
51
Disorders of T3/T4 secretion: (decreased secretion)
Hypothyroidism:
Adults - Myxedema ( decreased metabolism, peristalsis, temp. and thickened skin
Infants - Cretinism (failure to develop physically and mentally)
52
Disorders of T3/T4 secretion: (increased secretion)
```
Hyperthyroidism:
Graves disease (increased metabolism, heart rate, peristalsis, temp and exophthalmia
```
53
Exophthalmia
protruding eyes
54
_____ required to produce T3/T4. Deficiency of this may cause development of ______
Iodine
| Goiter
55
The secretion of the thyroid gland is regulated by the __________. (______ --> ______--> _______-->______)
Hypothalamus
hypothalamus secretes releasing hormone --> stimulate pituitary to secrete TSH --> stimulates thyroid to produce T3/T4 --> Levels maintained via negative feedback
56
Hormone secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid.
Calcitonin
57
Function of calcitonin
regulate blood-calcium levels
58
Four smaller glands located on posterior of thyroid gland (PTH)
parathyroid glands (parathyroid hormone)
59
Target organs of PTH
bone, digestive tract and kidneys
60
PTH increases _____ _______ in three ways:
Blood calcium
1. Stimulates osteoclasts
2. Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium from urine
3. Increases absorption of calcium by digestive tract
61
Hypocalcemia (symptoms)
Tetany (sustained muscle spasms)
62
Hypercalcemia symptoms
Kidney stones and depressed cardiac/GI activity
63
"Suprarenal" glands(?) located above _______
Adrenal glands
| Kidneys
64
Two regions of adrenal glands
Inner adrenal medulla
| Outer adrenal cortex
65
Adrenal medulla secretes ___________ (_______ / ________)
catecholamines
| epinephrine/norepinephrine
66
Catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) are ones "________ or _______" hormones
Fight or Flight
67
Adrenal cortex secretes _______ hormones.
| three hormones "....oids"
Steroid hormones:
Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Sex hormones
68
Glucocorticoids (three) functions
Increase blood pressure
cortisol - secreted during times of stress
control - hypothalamus --> Ant. Pituitary (ACTH) --> adrenal cortex --> negative feedback
69
Mineralcorticoids (two) functions
Aldosterone - reabsorption of sodium and water
| Involved in regulation of blood volume and BP
70
Sex hormones (two)
androgens and estrogens
71
(one) disorder of adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma - hyper secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
72
(two) disorders of adrenal cortex
Hypo secretion of cortisol - Addison's disease (muscle atrophy, bronzing of skin and fluid loss (JFK had this))
Hyper secretion of cortisol - Cushing's syndrome (moon face, buffalo hump)
73
The _______ is both an ________ and ________ gland.
Pancreas... endocrine... exocrine
74
Pancreas secretes two hormones from ______ of _________.
Islets of Langerhans
75
Two hormones secreted by pancreas
Insulin and Glucagon
76
Disorder - insulin dependent/juvenile
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
77
Disorder - not insulin dependent/adult
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
78
Three symptoms of diabetes mellitus (three "polys)
Polydipsia (excess thirst)
Polyuria (excess urine)
Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
79
Function of glucagon
Increase blood glucose
80
Glucagon increase blood glucose by two processes.
Gluconeogenesis - stimulates conversion of proteins to glucose
Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver
81
Gonads (endocrine glands)
Ovaries - estrogens and progesterone
| Testes - testosterone
82
Thymosins are produced in the _____ gland and are an _______ response.
Thymus
| Immune
83
"Pinecone shaped" gland that produces ________ which makes you sleepy.
```
Pineal Gland (pie-neal)
Melatonin
```
84
Other hormones:
Cholecystokinin, Gastrin - secreted by ___ ___
Erythropoietin - secreted by ___ _______
Prostaglandins - _______ _______
digestive tract
RBC production
inflammatory process
85
Three functions of blood
Transport
Regulation
Protection
86
Blood is ______ tissue with an average pH level of _._
connective... 7.4
87
Two basic components of blood and % of make up
plasma 55% and blood cells (formed elements) 45%
88
______ make-up:
| straw colored, mostly water, contains clotting proteins, ion, nutrients, gases, waste
Plasma
89
Make up the majority of bloods cells
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
90
"Buffy coat" of blood cells (two parts)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
| Thrombocytes (platelets)
91
The percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood
Hematocrit
92
Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs and Thrombocytes (platelets) produced in ___ ____ ______ and _______ ______
red bone marrow (primarily flat bones)
| lymphoid tissue
93
Myelosuppression
decreased production of blood cells
94
Decreased production of RBCs
Anemia
95
Decreased production of WBCs
Leukopenia
96
Decreased production of thrombocytes
Thrombocytopenia
97
Polycythemia
Increased production of blood cells
98
Immature RBCs
Reticulocytes
99
_______ transport oxygen and CO2
Hemoglobin
100
Require iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and protein
hemoglobin
101
Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted by ______, stimulated by decreased ______ _____ level. It increases ___ production
Kidney
blood oxygen
RBC
102
Disease that may result in polycythemia
Emphysema - lack of oxygen in the blood triggers the production of RBCs
103
Worn RBCs are destroyed by ________ in the ______.
macrophages
| spleen
104
Global gets broken down to ____ ____.
amino acids
105
Heme is broken down to ____ and ____ ______ (bilirubin)
iron
| bile pigments
106
____ gets stored in the liver and ________ is excreted
Iron
| bilirubin
107
Yellowing of the skin due to excess bilirubin in blood
Jaundice
108
_,000 - __,000 leukocytes (WBCs)/ microliter of blood.
5,000 - 10,000
109
Primary function of leukocytes
defense and phagocytosis
110
Five types of WBCs
(3 granulocytes "phils")
(2 agranulocytes "cytes")
```
Granulocytes:
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
```
111
_____phils make up 55-70% of WBCs
Nuetrophils
112
____phils (dark blue) make up less than 1% of WBCs and help with inflammation
Basophils
113
____phils make up 1-3% of WBCs and help with parastic infection and allergies
Eosinophils
114
____cytes make up 25-38% of WBCs and are part of immune response
Lymphocytes
115
____cytes make up 3-8% of WBCs and consists of phagocytes that differentiate into macrophages
Monocytes
116
Nemonic for five types of WBCs
Naughty Little Monkeys Eat Bananas (most to least abundant)
117
Function of platelets
blood clotting
118
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
RBCs: hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocytes
WBCs: % of each type of WBC
119
Prevention of blood loss
hemostasis
120
Three part process of hemostasis
Vasospasm, platelet plug, blood clot
121
Contraction of smooth muscle in vein or artery to stop excessive blood loss
Vasospasm
122
Platelets become sticky - _______ ____.
| This activates ______ factors.
Platelet Plug
| clotting
123
Activated clotting factors produce PTA
Prothrombin Activator
124
PTFF
Prothrombin (+calcium and PTA) -->
Thrombin (activates) -->
Fibrinogen (which forms) -->
Fibrin (net)
125
A blood clot
Thrombus
126
A traveling clot
Embolus
127
Process of getting rid of a clot.
Fibrinolysis
128
TPA (clot buster)
Tissue Plasminogen Activator
129
Plasminogen --> (activated by ___) --> _______ --> clot dissolved
TPA --> Plasmin
130
Agglutination
Clumping as a result of antigen-antibody interaction
131
Hemolysis
Destruction of blood cells
132
Hemolysis leads to ______ _____ and, ultimately, _____.
Kidney failure
| Death
