Exam 2 Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
Location of heart
A
Within mediastinum
2/3 of heart to left of midline
Apex between ribs 5 and 6
2
Q
Area of chest wall overlying the heart
A
Precordium
3
Q
Inner most layer of heart continuous with vessels entering/exiting heart
A
Endocardium
4
Q
Middle layer of heart made of contractile cardiac muscle
A
Myocardium
5
Q
Thin, outermost layer of heart that forms part of pericardium
A
Epicardium
6
Q
Pericardium is a sling-like structure composed of _______ membranes.
A
Serous Membranes
7
Q
Three layers of pericardium from inside-out.
A
Visceral Pericardium (innermost) Parietal Pericardium (middle) Fibrous Pericardium (outermost)
8
Q
Space between visceral and parietal layers of pericardium.
A
Pericardial Space or Cavity
9
Q
Compression of heart due to effusion - life threatening
A
Cardiac Tamponade
10
Q
Type of circulation in right heart.
Type of circulation in left heart.
A
Pulmonary Circulation
Systemic Circulation
11
Q
Separates right and left atrium.
A
Interatrial Septum
12
Q
Separates right and left ventricle
A
Interventricular Septum
13
Q
Enlargement of ventricles due to over working of the heart. Caused by high blood pressure.
A
Ventricular Hypertrophy
14
Q
Cusps of valves attached to ventricle wall by ________ muscle and ________ ______
A
Papillary Muscle
Chordae Tendineae
15
Q
Narrowing of valve forcing heart to pump harder.
A
Stenosis
16
Q
“Leaky” valve allowing blood to flow backward
A
Incompetence
17
Q
Path of blood - Rt. atrium to pulmonary capillaries. (7 steps)
A
Rt Atrium Tricuspid Valve Rt Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Trunk Rt/Lt Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Capillaries in Lungs
18
Q
Path of blood - Pulmonary capillaries in lungs to Aorta. (7 steps)
A
Pulmonary Capillaries in Lungs Four Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Aorta
19
Q
A passage that diverts blood from tis normal flow
A
Shunt
20
Q
Ventricular Septal Defect - Left ventricle pumps blood both to aorta (normal) and through defect in right ventricle.
A
Left to Right Shunt
21
Q
Left to right shunt is _______ because oxygenated blood is still being pumped by left ventricle.
A
Acyanotic
22
Q
Right to left shunt is _______ because deoxygenated blood is entering left ventricle and systemic circulation
A
Cyanotic
23
Q
Blood supply of myocardium - comes from ________ ______.
A
Coronary arteries
24
Q
Blood supply of myocardium - leaves thru _______ ____ to ______ ______ ______ and back to ______ _____
A
Coronary Veins
Coronary Venous Sinus
Right Atrium
25
Coronary blood supply - blood flow can increase __ - __ times with exercise.
4 - 5
26
Coronary blood flow is greatest when...
heart is at rest
27
Coronary arteries can form __________ (connections between vessels)
Anastomoses
28
Decreased oxygen to myocardium
Ischemia
29
Chest pain due to ischemia of heart muscle
Angina Pectoris
30
Death of myocardial cells due to coronary artery occlusion
Myocardial Infraction (heart attack)
31
Heart attack symptoms (7)
```
Crushing chest pain
Nausea
Sweating
Fatigue
Heartburn
Upset Stomach
```
32
Pacemaker & location
Sinoatrial node - upper, posterior wall of right atrium
33
_____ _____ fibers transmit impulse thru atria.
Atrial Conducting Fibers
34
__________ ____ slows impulse to give time for ventricle to fill before signal continues and stimulates ventricles.
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
35
Three parts of His-Purkinje System
Bundle of His - inter ventricular septum
Right and left bundle branches - thru interventricular septum
Purkinje Fibers - transmit cardiac impulse through myocardium of ventricles
36
Heart's ability to generate the cardiac impulse
Automaticity
37
The heart conducts the cardiac impulse at regular intervals
Rhythmicity
38
Disturbance is heart's normal rhythm.
Dysrhythmia (Arhythmia)
39
Uncoordinated contraction of myocardium causing the heart muscle to quiver.
Ventricular Fibrillation
40
Result of ventricular fibrillation
heart unable to pump blood
41
Cardiac impulses generated from cardiac tissue other than SA node.
Ectopic Focus
42
ECG measures...
The electrical activity of the heart
43
ECG - Atrial depolarization
P-wave
44
ECG - QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization
45
ECG - T-wave
Ventricular repolarization
46
Cardiac Cycle - Contraction of heart muscle
Systole
47
Cardiac Cycle - Relation of heart muscle
Diastole
48
The events that occur in the heart during one heartbeat.
Cardiac Cycle
49
Atria contract pumping blood into ventricles.
Atrial Systole
50
Ventricle contract pumping blood into pulmonary trunk and aorta.
Ventricular Systole
51
Heart relaxes allowing blood to fill chambers.
Diastole
52
Three ways the autonomic nervous system can affect heart activity.
Alter the rate at which the cardiac impulse is fired.
Change the speed at which it travels through the heart.
Increase the force of myocardial contraction.
53
Increased SA node activity --> increased HR
Increased speed of impulse through conduction system
Increased force of myocardial contraction
SYMPATHETIC stimulation of heart
54
Potential clinical results (3) of excessive sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Racing heart due to "fight or flight" response
Circulatory shock; heart failure
Tachydysrhythmia (rhythm of too fast HR)
55
Term for too slow of heart rate? Less than __bpm.
Bradycardia
| 60
56
Decreased SA node activity --> decreased HR
Decreased speed through conduction system
NO effect on FORCE of heart contraction
PARASYMPATHETIC stimulation of heart
57
Potential clinical results of excessive parasympathetic stimulation of heart.
Bradycardia - HR less than 60bmp (too slow)
58
Term for too fast of heart rate?
Tachycardia
59
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.
Cardiac output
60
Cardiac output = ____ ____ x ____ _____
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
61
Amount of blood pumped by ventricle in each heart beat.
Stroke Volume
62
Normal HR
60-100 bpm
63
Average HR
72 bpm
64
Resting HR differs according to: (8)
```
size
gender
age
exercise
autonomic NS control
hormone influence
pathology
medications
```
65
Average resting SV
60 - 80 ml per beat
66
Ventricles normally only pump approximately ___% of blood
67
67
Starling Law of the heart
The greater the stretch on myocardial fibers, the greater the force of contraction (the more blood in the ventricle, the more forceful the contraction, the greater the SV)
68
A positive ______ effect can increase the force of contraction without stretching myocardial fibers. (sympathetic stimulation)
Inotropic effect
69
Amount of blood in ventricle at the end of resting phase (aka preload)
End Diastolic Volume
70
The percentage of blood pumped from ventricle following contraction? Typically ___%
Ejection Fraction
71
Resistance to blood flow from the ventricles
Afterload
72
A change in myocardial contraction not related to stretch of myocardium
Inotropic Effect
73
Positive inotropic effect
increases the force of myocardial contraction
74
Negative inotropic effect
decreases the force of myocardial contraction
75
Chronotropic Effect
A change in HR
76
Positive chronotropic effect comes from _______ stimulation
sympathetic
77
Negative chronotropic effect comes from _______ stimulation.
parasympathetic
78
A change in speed of the transmission of the cardiac impulse
Dromotropic Effect
79
Left ventricle fails to pump blood to the aorta.
left heart failure
80
Left heart failure is usually due to _______ ______ or ______ ________.
Myocardial Infarction
| Chronic Hypertension
81
Backward Failure (left heart failure)
Blood backs up in pulmonary circulation
| Pulmonary Edema - fluid build-up in lungs
82
Forward Failure (left heart failure)
Systemic circulation does not effectively receive oxygenated blood
Increased sympathetic stimulation
83
Right heart failure
Right ventricle fails to pump blood into pulmonary arteries
| Usually due to left-sided heart failure or chronic lung disease
84
Pulmonary Circulation (3 parts)
Rt Ventricle --> Lungs --> Lt Atrium
85
Systemic Circulation (3 parts)
Lt Ventricle --> rest of body --> Rt Atrium
86
Arteries branch until they become smaller and smaller vessels called ________.
arterioles
87
Smallest vessels
Connect arterioles with venules
Exchange of oxygen
Capillaries
88
Small _______ converge to form larger veins.
venules
89
Blood vessel layers from inside-out
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia
90
Tunica Media - which layer and what it's made of.
Middle layer - elastic tissue and smooth muscle
91
Smooth muscle is ________ in arteries to support _______ ______.
thicker
| higher pressure
92
Tunica Adventitia - which layer and what it's made of.
Outermost - connective tissue
93
Vessels that conduct blood from larger arteries to arterioles
Conductance Vessels
94
Vessels that constrict and dilate to alter blood flow.
Resistance Vessels
95
Vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste.
Exchange Vessels
96
Type of vessel - Storage of blood. Approximately 70% of blood volume is found in venous circulation.
Capacitance Vessels
97
Veins contain ___-___ ______ to prevent the back-flow of blood
one-way valves
98
Brachiocephalic artery or trunk branches to... (2 parts)
Right Common Carotid Artery
| Right Subclavian Artery
99
Three main branches of Aortic Arch
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
100
Descending Aorta --> _______ Aorta --> ________ Aorta
Thoracic Aorta
| Abdominal Aorta
101
_______ _______ arteries branch off of the thoracic aorta.
Posterior Intercostal Arteries
102
6 branches off of abdominal aorta.
```
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Renal Arteries (right and left)
Gonadal Arteries (ovarian and testicular)
Lumbar Arteries
```
103
The aorta ends at the __ _____ by branching into a right and left ________ ____ artery.
L4 Level
| Common Iliac Artery
104
Veins can be classified and either ____ or ________.
deep or superficial
105
Two veins that drain directly into SVC.
```
Brachiocephalic Veins (right and left)
Azygos Vein - drains thorax
```
106
Three veins that drain directly into IVC
Rt/Lt common iliac veins
Renal Veins
Hepatic Veins
107
Four major superficial veins
| thumbs up... thumb towards ______, pinky towards _______, "V" in elbow pit, longest vein in body
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Great Saphenous Vein
108
Since the brain requires a continuous supply of oxygen, it receives dual blood supply from....
```
Vertebral Arteries (left and right)
Internal Carotid Arteries (left and right)
```
109
External Carotid Arteries supply ____, ____ and _____
neck, face and scalp
110
Supply most of the blood to the brain.
Internal Carotid Arteries
111
A dilated region at the origin of the internal carotid that functions as a baroreceptor.
Carotid Sinus
112
Baroreceptor
Pressure receptor
| Monitors blood pressure to the brain
113
Left and right _______ arteries join together on the brain stem to form the ______ ______.
Vertebral Arteries
| Basilar Artery
114
The ______ carotids and _______ arteries connect to form the circle of ______
Internal Carotids
Basilar Arteries
Circle of Willis
115
Occlusion of the blood supply to the brain can result in ________, ________ and/or _______.
Dizziness
Confusion
Stroke
116
(2) Venous drainage of head and brain.
External Jugular Veins
| Internal Jugular Veins
117
External Jugular Veins drain _______ head and neck and empty in __________ veins.
Posterior
| Subclavian
118
Internal Jugular Veins drain ______ head, neck and _____.
Anterior
| Face
119
Internal Jugular Veins join with __________ veins to form ____________ veins.
Subclavian
| Brachiocephalic
120
Which jugulars drains most of the blood from the venous sinuses of brain?
Internal Jugular Veins
121
Hepatic Circulation
Blood supply to liver
122
Three groups of vessels associated with hepatic circulation.
Portal Vein
Hepatic Veins
Hepatic Artery
123
The portal vein is formed by the joining of the ________ ________ and ______ veins.
Superior Mesenteric
| Splenic
124
The portal vein carries blood rich in digestive end products from the ________ _____ to the ______.
Digestive Organs
| Liver
125
Hepatic Artery - branch of ______ _____ and supplies _______ to the ______.
Celiac Trunk
| Oxygen to the liver
126
Hepatic Veins - drain deoxygenated blood from _____ and empties into the ___ (abbreviation)
Liver
| IVC
127
The umbilical cord has one large _____ and two smaller umbilical ______.
Vein
| Arteries
128
Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus.
Umbilical Vein
129
Umbilical Arteries originate from the right and left ________ ______ arteries of the fetus.
Common Iliac
130
Carries deoxygenated blood and waste products to the placenta.
Umbilical arteries
131
Fetal Modification - Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava.
Ductus Venosus
132
Opening within intertribal septum which allows blood to flow from right to atrium thereby bypassing fetal lungs.
Foramen Ovale
133
Allows blood to flow from pulmonary artery to aorta bypassing fetal lungs.
Ductus Arteriosus
134
Wave traveling thru the arteries with each beat of the heart.
Pulse
135
Information a pulse provides (4)
Heart Rate
Regularity of heart beat
Strength of heart beat
Occlusion or blockage of artery
136
Failure of vessels to transport blood results in...
Ischemia
137
"5 cool Ps" symptoms of ischemia
```
Pain
Pulselessness
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Coolness
```
138
Pallor
Coloration of skin (pale)
139
Paresthesia
Altered sensation (tingling)
140
5 functions of blood vessels
```
Delivery
Blood Pressure Regulation
Exchange of nutrients and waste
Redistribution of blood
Temperature regulation
```
141
The pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction.
Systolic Pressure
142
The pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation.
Diastolic Pressure
143
Blood pressure for normal adult...
120/80
144
Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure = ______
Pulse Pressure
145
Instruments used measuring blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
| Stethoscope
146
Artery compressed until blood flow is stopped to measure blood pressure.
Brachial Artery
147
Sounds heard through stethoscope.
Korotkoff Sounds
148
First sound heard when taking blood pressure.
Systolic Pressure
149
Recorded when Kotfkoff sounds disappear
Diastolic Pressure
150
Elevation of blood pressure
Hypertension
151
Blood vessel with highest blood pressure
Aorta
152
Blood vessel with lowest blood pressure
Vena cavae
153
7 generalized vessels between aorta and vena cavae (highest to lowest in terms of blood pressure)
```
Aorta
Large arteries
Small arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Small veins
Large veins
Vena Cavae
```
154
Three mechanisms that return blood back to heart.
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Respiratory Pump
Venoconstriction
155
Increase in vessel diameter causes a decrease in resistance and decrease in BP
Vasodilation
156
Vasodilation - relaxation of ______ _____ in vessels
smooth muscle
157
Decrease in vessel diameter causes an increased resistance and an increase in BP
Vasoconstriction
158
BP = ______ ______ x _______ _______
Cardiac Output
| Vascular Resistance
159
Cardiac Output = __ x __
SV x HR
160
Most important factor in vascular resistance.
Diameter of vessel
161
Rapidly acting mechanism for maintaining blood pressure.
Baroreceptor Reflex
162
4 parts of baroreceptor reflex
| "C.A.B Glo's MO Motor"
Carotid and Aortic Baroreceptors --> Glossopharyngeal --> Medulla Oblongata --> Motor Nerves
163
Slowly Acting Mechanism for maintaining blood pressure.
Hormone regulated long-term maintenance
164
Four elements that move out of the blood stream at the capillary level
Oxygen
Water
Electrolytes
Glucose
165
% of materials that return to blood stream after exiting at capillary level.
85%
166
Three characteristics of capillaries
Thin walled with pores
Numerous
Slow blood flow
167
Three forces involved in the exchange of substances across the capillary wall.
Diffusion
Filtration
Osmosis
168
Particles move from high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion
169
Substance moves/separates from high pressure to low pressure.
Filtration
170
Diffusion of water
Osmosis
171
The accumulation of fluid in interstitial space.
Edema
172
Four mechanisms of edema formation.
Heart Failure
Sever Burn
Kidney Disease
Blocked Lymphatic Drainage
173
Five characteristics of vessels and circulation as you age.
| B.R.A.V.I.
Baroreceptors become less effective
Roughening of endothelial lining of vessels
Artery walls thicken
Valves become less effective
Increased Capillary membrane permeability
174
Two consequences of thickening artery walls.
Decreased blood flow
| Increased blood pressure
175
Consequences of roughening of endothelial lining of vessels.
Increased blood clot formation
176
Consequence of valves becoming less effective.
More susceptible to varicosities (varicose veins)
177
Consequences of baroreceptors becoming less effective.
Dizziness
| Falls
178
Consequence of increased capillary membrane permeability.
Increased edema formation
