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Ocular Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Oral steroid
Weak activity
Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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2
Q

Prednisone

A

Oral steroid
20-40 mg initial daily dose for mild; 40-80 mg initial daily dose for severe
Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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3
Q

Prednisolone

A

Oral steroid

Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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4
Q

Methylprednisolone

A

Oral steroid (dosepak)
Weak activity
Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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5
Q

Methylprednisolone acetate

A

Injectable steroid

Sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis

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6
Q

Triamcinolone

A

Injectable steroid

Anterior/posterior segment inflammation, chalazia

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7
Q

Retisert

A

Intravitreal steroid implant: delivers fluocinolone acetonide

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8
Q

Iluvien

A

Intravitreal steroid implant: delivers fluocinolone acetonide

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9
Q

Ozurdex

A

Intravitreal steroid implant: delivers dexamethasone

Biodegradable

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10
Q

Dextenza

A

Punctal steroid implant: delivers dexamethasone

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11
Q

Dexamethasone alcohol 0.1%

A

Topical steroid (suspension)

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12
Q

Dexamethasone phosphate 0.1% or 0.05%

A

Topical steroid (solution or ointment)

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13
Q

Difluprednate

A

Topical steroid (emulsion)
BAK free
Severe inflammatory conditions

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14
Q

Fluorometholone acetate 0.1%

A 
Topical steroid
Chronic inflammation (less tendency to increase IOP)
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15
Q

Fluorometholone alcohol 0.1%

A 
Topical steroid
Chronic inflammation (less tendency to increase IOP)
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16
Q

Fluorometholone 0.25% (FML Forte)

A

Topical steroid

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17
Q

Loteprednol 0.2%

A

Topical steroid
Allergic conjunctivitis, mild inflammation
1 gt qid x 1 week; then 1 gt bid x 1 month

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18
Q

Loteprednol 0.5%

A 
Topical steroid (susp, ung, gel)
Post op inflammation
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19
Q

Prednisolone acetate 1% (Pred Forte)

0.12% (Pred Mild)

A

Topical steroid
Generic less effective
Moderate-severe inflammation

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20
Q

Prednisolone phosphate 1%

A

Topical steroid

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21
Q

Rimexolone

A

Topical steroid

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22
Q

Triamcinolone 0.1%

A 
Topical steroid
Used periocularly (cream)
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23
Q

Blephamide

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Prednisolone acetate + Sodium sulfacetamide
Don’t use in patients with sulfa allergies
Rarely used
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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24
Q

Poly-Pred

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Prenisolone acetate + Neomycin + Polymixin B
Broad spectrum + pseudomonas
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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25
Pred-G
Steroid-antibiotic combo Prednisolone acetate + Gentamycin Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op
26
Maxitrol
Steroid-antibiotic combo Dexamethasone + Neomycin + Polymixin B Broad spectrum + pseudomonas Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op
27
TobraDex
Steroid-antibiotic combo Dexamethasone 0.1% + Tobramycin Broad spectrum (less SPK than gentamicin) Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op
28
TobraDex ST
Steroid-antibiotic combo Dexamethasone 0.05% + Tobramycin Reduced settling of dexamethasone; increased retention time Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op
29
Zylet
Steroid-antibiotic combo Loteprednol + Tobramycin Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op
30
Bacitracin
Antibiotic Targets peptidoglycan bonds in the cell wall Gram +
31
Vancomycin
Antibiotic Targets peptidoglycan bonds in the cell wall Gram + and MRSA
32
PCN G and V
Antibiotic Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall Gram +, syphilis, gonorrhea Rarely used
33
Ampicillin and amoxicillin
Antibiotic Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall Gram + and - Deep infections
34
Penicillinase resistant
Antibiotic Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall Staph
35
Cephalexin
``` Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 1 Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall Gram + Preseptal cellulitis, internal hordeolum 250-500 mg BID x 7-10 days ```
36
Cefuroxime
Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 2 Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall More gram -, less gram +
37
Ceftriaxone
Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 3 Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall Most gram -, least gram + Gonorrhea, meningitis, orbital cellulitis
38
Sulfacetamide
Antibiotic Inhibits production of folic acid Gram + and -
39
Sulfadiazine
Antibiotic Inhibits production of folic acid Gram + and - Used for toxoplasmosis
40
Bactrim
Antibiotic: sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim Inhibits production of folic acid Gram + and - MRSA
41
Ceftazidime
Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 3 Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall Most gram -, least gram + Corneal ulcers
42
Cefaclor
Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 2 Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall More gram -, less gram + Orbital cellulitis in children
43
Cephamandole
Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 2 Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall More gram -, less gram + Corneal ulcers
44
Cephazolin
Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 1 Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall Gram + Corneal ulcers
45
Trimethoprim
``` Antibiotic Prevents production of folic acid Some gram +, gram - MRSA Not effective against pseudomonas ```
46
Ciprofloxacin
Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 2 Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Gram -, pseudomonas DOC in Pseudomonas
47
Ocufloxacin
Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 2 Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Gram -, pseudomonas Bacterial corneal ulcer or bacterial conjunctivitis
48
Levofloxacin 0.3% or 1.5%
Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 3 (oral) Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Gram -, gram +, pseudomonas Good for pts with penicillin allergy
49
Gatifloxacin 0.3% or 0.5%
Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 4 (solution) Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas
50
Moxifloxacin 0.5%
Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 4 (solution) Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas No preservatives
51
Besifloxacin
Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 4 (solution) Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas Bacterial conjunctivitis
52
Polymixin B
Antibiotic Increases permeability or the cell membrane Gram -, pseudomonas
53
Tobramycin
Antibiotic (sol, ung) Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas MRSA
54
Gentamicin
Antibiotic (oral, sol) Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas Can be fortified for corneal ulcer
55
Neomycin
Antibiotic Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit Broad spectrum, no coverage against pseudomonas or streptococcus
56
Amikacin
Antibiotic (injection into anterior/posterior chamber) Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit Endophthalmitis
57
Tetracycline
Antibiotic (oral) Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit Gram +, gram -, rickettsia, chlamydia Acne rosacea, lyme disease, chlamydia, hordeolum, blepharitis, MRSA...
58
Doxycycline
``` Antibiotic (oral) Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit Gram +, gram -, rickettsia, chlamydia Tetracycline DOC 100 mg tab PO BID x 7-10 days Acne rosacea, lyme disease, chlamydia, hordeolum, blepharitis, MRSA... ```
59
Minocycline
Antibiotic (oral) Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit Gram +, gram -, rickettsia, chlamydia Acne rosacea, lyme disease, chlamydia, hordeolum, blepharitis, MRSA...
60
Chloramphenicol
Antibiotic Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit Gram +, gram - Not used due to irreversible side effects
61
Clarithromycin
Antibiotic (oral): macrolide Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit Respiratory infection
62
Erythromycin
Antibiotic (oral or ung): macrolide Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit Gram + cocci, chlamydia, lyme, rickettsia, gonorrhea, h. flu Ophthalmic neonatorum, pediatric conjunctivitis, staph blepharitis, chlamydia DOC for atypical pneumonia
63
Azithyromycin
``` Antibiotic (oral): macrolide Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit Skin infection, internal hordeolum DOC for chlamydia: 1 gm dose 1 time Bacterial conjunctivitis ```
64
Licdomycin
Antibiotic (oral or injection) Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit Gram +, weak gram - Severe infections
65
Clindamycin
Antibiotic (oral or injection) Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit Gram +, weak gram - Severe infections
66
Acyclovir
Anti-viral 400 mg 5x/day x 7-10 days for HSV (double for VZV) 400 mg BID x 12 months for suppression of HSV Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase
67
Valacyclovir
Anti-viral 500 mg TID x 7-10 days for HSV (double for VZV) 500 mg QD x 5 years for suppression of HSV Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase
68
Famciclovir
Anti-viral 250 mg TID x 7-10 days for HSV (double for VZV) 250 mg BID x 12 months for suppression of HSV Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase
69
Penciclovir
Anti-viral Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase Used to treat recurrent orolabial herpes (cold sores)
70
Trifluridine 1%
Anti-viral | Inhibits viral and host DNA synthesis via thymidine synthetase
71
Ganciclovir Gel 0.15%
Anti-viral Selectively targets virus infected cells only! HSV keratitis, stromal HSV, adenovirus, CMV retinitis
72
Betadine
Anti-septic Kills fungi, bacteria, and viruses Used off label for adenovirus treatment Used before cataract surgery
73
Zostavax
Shingles vaccine
74
Ganciclovir
Anti-viral (oral or injection) | Treatment for CMV retinitis
75
Zidovudine
Anti-viral (oral or injection) | Treatment for CMV retinitis
76
Fosarnet
Anti-viral (oral or injection) | Treatment for CMV retinitis
77
Cidovir
Anti-viral (oral or injection) | Treatment for CMV retinitis
78
Natamycin 5%
Anti-fungal: polyene Increases cell membrane permeability Broad spectrum Only FDA approved!
79
Nystatin
Anti-fungal: polyene | Increases cell membrane permeability
80
Amphotericin B
Anti-fungal: polyene | Increases cell membrane permeability
81
Flucytosine
Anti-fungal: antimetabolite Impairs DNA synthesis Fungistatic
82
Miconazole
Antifungal: azole Blocks ergosterol synthesis Fungistatic, then fungicidal
83
Ketoconazole
Antifungal: azole Blocks ergosterol synthesis Fungistatic, then fungicidal
84
Voriconazole
Antifungal: azole Blocks ergosterol synthesis Fungistatic, then fungicidal
85
Itraconazole
Antifungal: azole Blocks ergosterol synthesis Fungistatic, then fungicidal
86
Propamidine isethionate 0.1%
Antifungal: diamidine | Increases cell membrane permeability
87
Hexamidine 0.1%
Antifungal: diamidine | Increases cell membrane permeability
88
Polyhexamethylene biguanide 0.02% (PHMB)
Antifungal: biguanide Increases cell membrane permeability Most common drug used
89
Chlorhexadine 0.02%
Antifungal: biguanide | Increases cell membrane permeability
90
AREDS1
Reduces AMD progression rate Vitamin C, E, beta carotene, zinc, copper Beta carotene may increase lung cancer rate Zinc may cause GI upset
91
AREDS2
Reduces AMD progression rate | Vit C, E, reduced amount of zinc, copper, lutein, zeaxanthin
92
Pegaptanic
Intravitreal anti-VEGF: Inhibits VEGF-A165 | Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema...
93
Bevacizumab
Intravitreal anti-VEGF Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema... FDA approved for colorectal cancer
94
Ranibizumab
Intravitreal anti-VEGF Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema... Expensive; works just as well as bevacizumab
95
Aflibercept
Intravitreal anti-VEGF Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema... Longer duration of action
96
Ocriplasmin
Treatment of vitreomacular traction | Recombinant form of human plasmin
97
Silver nitrate (0.5-1%)
Used for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis | Chemocautery of conjunctival blood vessels
98
``` 5-fluorouracil Mitomycin C (MMC) ```
Antimetabolites Used in surgery to prevent scarring Glaucoma surgery, conjunctival resection Need to know: MMC is 100x more potent than FU, so it is used more often!
99
Gadolinium
Decreases relaxation time of T1 images leading to enhanced scan contrast Used during MRI
100
Fluorescein angiography
Used to view retinal blood vessels
101
Indocyanine green angiography
Best for imaging choroid due to longer wavelengths of absorption
102
Rho-kinase inhibitors
Reorganization of the Tm to increases aqueous outflow | Lowers IOP, increases ocular blood flow, inhibits post-op scarring, promotes retinal ganglion cell survival
103
Trabodenoson
A1 receptor agonist; increases TM outflow Used to lower IOP Oral drug
104
Marijuana
Cannabinoid receptor agonist in the ciliary body and TM | Lowers IOP for 3-4 hours
105
Riboflavin
Photosensitizer for the induction of crosslinks between collagen fibrils
106
ReSure Corneal Sealant Gel
Seals corneal incisions like glue

Ocular Pharmacology (2 decks)

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