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NUTR-455 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

trials with a control group for comparison

A

controlled trial

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2
Q

subjects allocated to an intervention or control group but without randomization method

A

non-randomized controlled trial

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3
Q

subjects allocated randomly to an intervention or control group

A

randomized controlled trial

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4
Q

Type of observational study which looks at the cohort at a specific point in time

A

cross-sectional study

observational

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5
Q

type of observational study which looks at a group with a case and one without the case

A

case-control study (observational)

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6
Q

study which looks into the past of a cohort

A

retrospective cohort study (observational)

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7
Q

study which follows a cohort into the future

A

prospective cohort study (observational)

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8
Q

Examine etiology and causal associations

A

analytic study

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9
Q

organelle responsible for lipid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

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10
Q

organelle responsible for protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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11
Q

organelle which is the packaging center of the cell

A

golgi apparatus

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12
Q

organelle responsible for digestion

A

lysosome

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13
Q

power house of the cell

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

examples of materials which make up the cytoplasmic matrix

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

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15
Q

Reactions that occur in the mitochondria

A 
TCA
ETC
FAox
amino acid metabolism
carboxylation of pyruvate
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16
Q

Functions of proteins in cells

A

receptors
transporters
enzymes

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17
Q

molecular stimuli that attach to receptors

A

ligand

ex. hormones, growth factors, antibodies, nutrients

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18
Q

Mechanisms of signal transduction

A

internal chemical signal
ion channel
internalized stimuli

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19
Q

This occurs to start an internal chemical signal

A

ligand binds to external receptor
g-protein activates adenylyl cyclase
cAMP activates protein kinase A resulting in cellular response

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20
Q

This type of channel often uses a ligand to allow charge particles across an otherwise impassable membrane

A

ion channels

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21
Q

In this process, a ligand binds to a receptor that is then invaginated into the cell, digested by the lysosome, and then stimulates cellular response

A

internalized stimuli

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22
Q

maximum reaction rate

A

Vmax (top line on graph)

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23
Q

substrate concentration at which the rxn rate is half of Vmax

A

Km

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24
Q

enzyme responsible for reactions in which one compound is oxidized, another reduced

A

oxidoreductases

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25
enzyme responsible for reactions in which a functional group transferred from one substrate to another
transferase
26
enzyme responsible for reactions in which carbon bonds are hydrolyzed
hydrolases
27
enzyme responsible for reactions in which the cleavage of C-C, C-S, and C-N bonds occur
lysases
28
enzyme responsible for reactions in which interconversion of optical or geometric isomers occur
isomeraces
29
enzyme responsible for reactions which catalyze formation of C and other bonds (O,S,N,others)
Ligases
30
enzyme responsible for reactions in which phosphorylation occurs
Kinases
31
type of enzyme regulation which causes another enzyme to change from inactive to its active form
covalent modification
32
Type of modification in which the enzyme has another site besides the catalytic site that affects enzyme activity
allosteric modification
33
Type of enzyme regulation which leads to an increase/decrease of enzyme concentration depending on the presence of substrate
induction
34
The energy which must be imposed on the system to raise the reactants to their transition state
activation energy
35
If deltaG is less than 0
exothermic
36
If deltaG is greater that 0
endothermic
37
osmotic work
active transport
38
chemical work
biosynthesis | anabolism
39
mechanical work
muscular contraction
40
energy is released during this process and stored as ATP
Nutrient catabolism
41
detecting gene variants within an individual
nutrigenetics
42
enviormental factors that have an effect on the expression of genes, identifying which genes respond to which environmental factors, defining the mechansim involved, and determining useful health-related application of those interventions
nutrigenomics
43
study of changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
nutritional epigenetics
44
These types of reactions are favorable (downhill)
exothermic
45
components of saliva (5/6)
``` water electrolytes mucus enzymes antibacterial and viral compounds ```
46
Salivary amylase
small amount of carb breakdown
47
lingual lipase
breaks down lipids, more prevalent in infants
48
key electrolytes in saliva
sodium potassium chloride
49
food mixed with saliva
bolus
50
bolus mixed with gastric juices
chyme
51
components of gastric juice
HCl 3 enzymes, pepsin, amylase, lipase mucus intrinsic factor
52
Functions of HCl in the gastric juice
kills bacteria releases nutrients from organic compounds denatures protein converts pepsinogen to pepsin
53
functions of pepsin in the gastric juice
most active enzyme in the juice, digests proteins
54
function of amylase, and lipase in gastric juice
break down carbs, and lipids respectively
55
Four major digestive system 'juices' in ascending order of acidity
bile pancreatic juice saliva gastric juice
56
function of mucus in the gastric juice
protects the lining of the stomach
57
function of intrinsic factor in the gastric juice
helps absorb B12
58
What is secreted from neck cells in the stomach
located close to the surface mucosa which secrete bicarbonate and mucus
59
what is secrete from parietal (oxynitic) cells
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
60
what is secreted from chief cells (peptic or zymogenic cells)
pepsinogens
61
What is secreted from enteroendocrine G-cells
variety of hormones
62
Factors that affect gastric emptying rate
``` fiber (slows) lipids (slows) Large volumes of chyme (increase) hypertonic/hyoptonic chyme in duodenum (slows) salts and monosaccharides (slow) Hormones (varies) hardness of food (slows) ```
63
the sublayers of the small intestine from outside to in
``` serosa muscularis externa submucosa Mucosa lumen ```
64
features of the submucosa
contain many immune cells
65
serosa
protective layer
66
muscularis
moves and mixes food
67
mucosa
start of absorption
68
Lipids are absorbed here
jejunum (end)
69
Monosaccharides are absorbed here
Jejunum (end)
70
aminoacids are absorbed here
jejunum (end)
71
bile salts/acids are absorbed here
terminal ileum
72
Sodium, chloride, and potassium are absorbed here
large intestine
73
Short chain fatty acids are abosrbed here
end of large intestine
74
Vit K is absorbed here
large intestine
75
B12 is absorbed here
ileum
76
majority of water is absorbed here
large intestine (Beginning)
77
what are the components of pancreatic juice
``` Sodium BiCarb Pancreatic amylase and lipase proteolytic enzymes (procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, collegenase) Tripsinogen chymotrypsinogen ```
78
enzyme that needs activated is called
zymogen
79
What coverts trypsinogen to trypsin
enteropeptininase
80
what turns chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin
trypsin
81
pepsinogen (pepsin) is produced here, and digests this molecule
stomach | protein
82
trypsinogen (trypsin) is produced here, and digests this molecule
pancreas | protein
83
chymotripsinogen (chymotrypsin) is produced here, and digests this molecule
pancreas | protein
84
what purpose does bicarb serve in pancreatic juice
neutralizes the acidity of the chyme
85
where is bile secreted
small intestine (duodenum)
86
how does bile aid digestion
bile causes lipids in the small intestine to form micelles so they can be acted on by lipase
87
What are the primary bile acids
cholic acid | chenodeoxycholic acid
88
where is bile stored
gallbladder
89
describe the enterohepatic circulation of bile
bile is synthesized from cholesterol, and as it is diegested after release a majority of it is reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and returned to the liver where it is converted back to bile salts and reenters the digestive tract
90
Ways to decrease blood cholesterol
phytosterols/stanols bind bile/cholesterol and cause its excretion in the feces Bile acid sequestrants are medications which bind components of bile in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent its reabsorption
91
how does gastrin regulate digestion
stimulates gastric motility and/or secretions
92
how does motilin regulate digestion
stimulates gastric motiility and/or secretions | stimulates intestinal motility and/or secretions
93
how does cholecystokinin regulate digestion
inhibits gastric motility and/or secretions | stimulates pancreas and/or gallbladder secretions (increases signaling to gallbladder to release bile)
94
how does secretin regulate digestion
inhibits gastric motility and/or secretions | stimulates pancreas and/or gallbladder secretions (signal bile and bicarb production)
95
CCK and Secretin release is stimulated when this occurs
food enters duodenum
96
gastrin comes from here
entero-g cells
97
gastrin release can be stimulated by these two things
vagus nerve | gastric distension
98
acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin all have this affect on gastric regulation
increase acid production in the stomach
99
live culture that is ingested
probiotics
100
food that can profice nourishment for probiotics. Non-digestable CHO, like soluble plant fibers
prebiotics
101
Causes of GERD
weak esophageal sphincter, diet, smoking, high fat diet, alcohol, caffeine
102
treatment of GERD
``` smaller meals avoid laying down after meals control weight stop smoking avoid: caffeine, citrus, spicy foods, mints, alcohol acid neutralizers proton pump inhibitors histamine receptor blockers ```
103
causes of peptic ulcers
Heliobacter pylori | chronic use of alcohol, asprin, NSAIDS
104
How does a cholecystectomy affect digestion
must be careful with how much fat is consumed after the surgery
105
how is celiac disease treated
avoiding foods which contain gluten, a structural protein found in Rye, Barley, and Wheat

NUTR-455 (4 decks)

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