Exam 3 Flashcards by Roger Kline

length of short, medium, and long chain FA

6
6-10
>=12

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majority of dietary FA are this length

long chain

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Delta system of FA naming count carbons from this end

carboxyl end

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omega system of FA naming count carbons from this end

methyl end

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properties of SFA (2)

solid a room temp

single bonds

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found in animal fats, palm oil, palm kernal oil, coconut oil

SFA

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properties of MUFAs (2)

generally plant based

one double bond

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examples of this FA are olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil

MUFA

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Properties of PUFAs (2)

more than one double bond

generally plant based, but also found in fish

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examples of this FA are corn oil, sunflower oil, fish oils, nuts and seeds

PUFAs

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Properties of Trans fatty acids (5)

Trans configuration double bond
form naturally, or thorugh hydrogenation of PUFA
extend shelf life
increase baking properties
solid at room temp

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T/F: hydrogenated oils, or partialy hydrogenated vegetable oil on a label is the same as SFA

F, Trans fats

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T?F: TFA are found in fried food, commercial baked goods, processed foods, and margerine

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Linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3) are examples of this

essential fatty acids

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Reason why there are essential FA

your body cannot from CC double bonds before the 9th carbon, it does not have the correct enzymes

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This is the enzyme in plants that can make the essential FA that animals are lacking

desaturase

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This essential fatty acid deficiency disease causes growth retardation, skin disorders, infection susceptibility, and poor wound healing

cystic fibrosis

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acid and alcohol coming together from this type of bond

ester bond

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triglycerides are made of these compounds

glycerol and 3 FA bound by ester bonds

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linoleic, y-linolenic, arachidonic acid are all examples of

omega 6 FA

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a-linolenic, stearidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic acids are all forms of

omega 3 FA

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these make up 95% of dietary fat

TAG

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enhanced taste and texture, energy, supply essential fatty acids, carriers of fat-soluble compounds, storage from of energy, and cell signaling/gene expression are all functions of this structure

TAG

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Easiest way to remove cholesterol from the body is through this mech

GI tract

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T/F: a cholesterol molecule is a steroid molecule with an extra OH, CH3, and FA group attached to it

What makes a cholesteryl ester different that a cholesterol molecule

cholesteryl ester have a FA bound to the OH group through an ester bond

Sex hormones, bile acids, vitamin D, and corticosteroids are made from these

sterols and steroids

What is helpful about ingestion of phytosterols

they help eliminate cholesterol through the diet (compete for absorption)

These function as emulsifiers, cell membrane and lipoprotein components

phospholipids

T/F: phospholipids can interact with polar and non polar compounds

In most cases the two FA tails on a phospholipid are this type of FA

SFA

The hydrophilic portion of a phospholipid is called this

polar head group

Phospholipids act as signaling molecules which lead to the activation of this, or the release of this

activation of protein kinase C leading to enzyme activation | release of Ca2+ leading to enzyme activation, or other hormonal responses

This is the main phospholipid

lecithin

these have a SFA in position 1 and a UFA in position two

glycerophosphatides

examples of a glycerophosphatide

lecithin, cardiolipin

a type of phospholipid that is abundant in nerve tissue

sphingolipids

This are structural lipids in nerves and brain tissue that have a saccaride component

glycolipids

Estimated intake of TAG, PL, Chol/phytosterols

100-150 g/d ~5 g/d 200-400 mg/d

Fat spoils due to this

oxidation

these accelerate oxidation of fat

double bonds

these factors limit fat oxidation (4)

limit exposure to air cold temp antioxidants partial hydrogenation

This enzyme is used to convert eholesterol esters into cholesterol and FFA

Cholesterol esterase (cholesterol ester hydrolase)

How does bile aid in lipid digestion

increases surface area of the lipids, so enzymes can interact

How does lingual lipase aid in lipid digestion

it is good at cleaving short chain FA | Turns TAGs into DAGs and FFA

This enzyme accounts for 10-30% TAG digestion

gastric lipase

Gastric lipase aids lipid digestion by

it is good at cleaving short chain FA | Turns TAGs into DAGs and FFA

How does pancreatic lipase aid in lipid digestion

breaks down the ester bonds on the ends of the TAG to from MAGs and 2FFA

The majority of lipid digestion occurs here

upper jejunum

How does phospholipase A2 aid in lipid digestion

removes the middle FA from a phospholipid forming a FFA and a lysophospholipid

a lysophospholipid is this

a digested phospholipid

Cholesterol esterase is produced here, and acts on this

pancreatic acinar cells | sterol esters

These four compounds are produced by pancreatic acinar cells

cholesterol esterase phospholipase A2 Procolipase pancreatic lipase

gastric lipase is produced by this

chief cells of the stomach

how does colipase aid in lipid digestion

activates pancreatic lipase

Examples of pancreatic lipase inhibitors

orlistat xenical alli

why should people take a pancreatic lipase inhibitor

trouble with lipid digestion | weight loss

The 5 final products of lipid digestion

``` lysophospholipids nonesterified (free) cholesterol nonesterified (free) FA Nonesterified (free) Plant Sterols 2-Monoglycerides ```

This is a way to deliver FA and fat soluble vitamins in an aqueous enviornment

mixed micelles

This percent of FA are absorbed in the diet, and this percent of cholesterol

>95% | ~50%

This percent of FA in the diet are LCFA

92-96%

This carries medium chain fatty acids in the blood

albumin

How are SCFA and MCFA absorbed

directly into the capillaries

T/F: use medium chain FA if you have a hard time absorbing lipids such as in cystic fibrosis

This FA length increases energy expenditure after a meal

MCFA

The mixed micelle interacts with this

untirred water layer of the brush boarder

FFA go here, while the Chylomicron formed from the golgi app. go here

portal vein | lymphatic system

most important protein on a chylomicron

apo B-48

Chylomicrons from here

distal duodenum and jejunum

the majority of the chylomicron is made up of this

triglycerides

T/F: LCFA first go to the liver, while SCFA and MCFA first go to systemic circulation

Chylomicron activity peaks this long after a meal

30 min

the lymp system goes to tissues in this order

muscles adipose liver

this enzyme is in the adipose, muscle, mammary gland, brain, macrophages, and kupffer cells

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

this enzyme facilitates deposition of FAs in tissues for storage or energy production

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

In this state, activity is high in adipose and low in skeletal and heart muscle for LPL

fed state

In this state, activity is low in adipose and high in skeletal and heart muscle for LPL

fasted

These carry absorbed dietary lipids, carry lipids from liver to cells, and carry lipids to liver for excretion

lipoproteins

examples of lipoproteins (4)

chylomicron VLDL LDL HDL

characteristic apoprotein for VLDL

apo B-100

characteristic apoprotein for LDL

apo B-100

characteristic apoprotein for HDL

apo A-I

These act as identification, stablizie, specificity, and aid in recognition of lipoproteins

apoproteins

chylomicrons originate here

golgi app of intestinal cells

chylomicrons are composed of

mostly TAG with little phospholipid, cholesterol and protein

VLDL originate here

liver (golgi app)

VLDL are composed of

mostly TAG with a little more phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein than chylomicrons

carry lipids from liver to cells, deliver TG to cells then shrink to become IDL

VLDL

LDL originate from this

IDL

LDL are taken up by this

B-100 receptors fround in the liver and hon-hepatic tissue

These are generated from the VLDL during circulation, carry lipids to cells, mainly carry cholesterol (large proportion), uptaken by LDL receptor

LDL

Chylomicrons follow this pathway, while VLDL and IDL follow this pathway

exogenous | endogenous

T/F: the more cholesterol in the cell, the less LDL receptors are formed

This occurs when LDL is absorbed in the cell

lysosome digests | free cholesterol is packaged by the golgi app, and esterified with ACAT and stored in the cell

exogenous lipids (gut to liver)

chylomicron

endogenous lipids (liver to periphery)

VLDL | LDL

reverse transport (periphery to liver)

HDL

synthesized from liver and intestine in a lipid free nascent form

HDL

Mostly protein composes its structure

HDL

This LP returns lipids (cholesterol) to liver for re-use or excretion

HDL

T/F: there are smaller fluctuations in LDL and HDL concentrations in the blood than in CM, VLDL, IDL

This tissue synthesizes bile salts, VLDL, HDL, and new lipids from non-lipid precursors

Liver

this tissue absorbs TAG and cholesterol from chylomicrons through lipoprotein lipase, and stores TAG

adipose tissue

What is lipoprotein lipase

found on adipose and muscle tissue, removes FA from TAGS in chylomicrons and VLDL and brings them into the cell

this helps to transfer cholesterol to the liver and eventually excrete it

cholesterol ester transfer protein

This percent of adipose tissue is lipid material

85%

HDL acts inconjuction with these two enzymes to move cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver via the plasma

cholesterol esterifying enzyme | lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

these are cholesterol delivery trucks, and increase risk of CVD

LDL

these are cholesterol garbage trucks and perform reverse cholesterol transport, decrease risk of CVD

HDL

Chylomicrons are made here

enterocytes

secretion of chylomirons

exogenous, intestinal cell to lymph, to blood

chylomicrons change to this during dirculation

chylomicron remnant

physiological role of chylomicrons

deliver FA to the peripheral cells (adipocytes)

Key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

HMG-CoA reductase

What is the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis

HMG-CoA reductase

where are VLDL and LDL synthesized

hepatocytes

where is HDL synthesized

hepatocytes (80%) enterocytes (20%)

earliest stage of HDL

nascent HDL

First step of FA metabolism

extract lipids from LP via LPL (lipoprotein lipase)

the cleavage of a staturated CC bond during FAox yields this many ATP

Glycerol cannot be utilized by the cell, so it is sent here

liver

Phase 1 of FA oxidation

activation of FA by CoA (acyl-CoA synthetase) forms Acyl-CoA

Phase 2 of FA oxidation

Transfer of fatty acyl-coa into the cell via carnitine acyltransferase 1,2

What is the rate limiting step of FA oxidation

Carnitine acyltransferase 1,2 (1 on outer membrane, 2 on inner mitochondrial membrane)

what is produced from the B-ox of FA

FADH2, NADH, actyl-CoA

these FA will generate C3 coA to conversion to C4 CoA (succinyl-coa)

odd-numbered FA

What causes ketogenesis

low glucose in the body

when there is not enough of this compound acetyl-coa is oxidized into ketoacids

oxaloacetate

T/F: ketone bodies can't cross the blood brain barrior, FA can

Ketogenesis is common in these two conditions

type 1 diabetics, starvation

T/F: ketone bodies are acidic

Ketone bodies make up this percent of fuel during starvation

75%

T/F: Ketogenesis reaction goes one way in extra hepatic tissues, but is reversable in the liver

This rises during accelerated FAox + low CHo intake or impaired CHO use

ketone concentration

What role does does ketogenesis p[lay in energy metabolism

provides energy that can be used by tissues such as the brain during periods of low blood CHO

From what substrate are FA synthesized from

acetyl-CoA

T/F: pyruvate to acetyl coa is a reversable reaction

What triggers FA synthesis

alot of acetyl-coa in the mitochondria

this enzyme activates acetyl-coa for FA synthesis

acetyl-coa carboxylase

this is the basic building block for FA synth

malonyl-coa

During FA synthesis this energy source is used to get rid of double bonds

NADPH

This is generally the final product of FA synthesis

Palmatic acid

How do eicosanoids synthesized from n-6 FA differ from those synthesized from N-3 FA

N-6 are pro-arrythmic, platlet activators, vasoconstrictors, pro-inflammatory compounds n-3 are the opposite

There are more of this type of FA in the western diet that make eicosanoids than this

n-6 than n-3

improved vision, neuroprotection, successful aging, memory protection, cardioprotection, and use as a signaling molecule are all benefits of this type of FA

n-3 (DHA)

How does CHO balance affect the processes of lipid metabolism

more CHO in the system leads to lower catabolism, and greater anabolism of FA

T/F: insulin lowers lipolysis activity

T (see page 53 of lipid notes)

how does brown fat differ from white (normal) fat tissue

it is highly vascularized abundant mitochondria mitochondria have H+ pores (uncoupling protein) which promote thermogenesis

uncoupling protein is inhibited by these

free purine nucleotides

t/f: lean subjects have higher amounts of brown adipose tissue

Two systems used to metabolize alcohol

alcohol dehydrogenase pathway | microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

alcohol resembles this compound, but is metabolized like this compound

CHO | FA

T/F: mass production of Acetyl-coa during ADH alcohol metabolism lowers TCA cycle activity and lends to production of FA

ADH is found here

gastric mucosal cells

How does alcohol effec energy metabolism in the body

alters NADH processes in the body

This is tghe cause of the flushing associated with alcohol consumption

acetaldehyde

Alcohol tolerance is due to this pathway

MEOS

The benefits of alcohol have the strongest correlation of this and not this

amount of alcohol consumed, not the type

T/F: alcohol lowers oxidative stress

T/F: alcohol improves insulin sensitivity

T/F: Diabetes is improved from alcohol

T/F: inflammation is increased with alcohol

T/F: alcohol decreases HDL

T/F: dementia is improved with alcohol

T/F: consumption of alcohol may suppress proliferation of smooth muscle cells underlying the endothelium of arterial walls

Outline the progression of atherosclerosis

LDL enters intima followed by monocyte monocyte turns into macrophag and begins to take up LDL Macrophage dies and froms foam cell smooth muscle begins to enter intima

outline the progression of an athrosclortic lesion

fatty streak forms fibrous cap froms over fatty streak the fiborous cap thins eventually the plaque (fiberous cap) bursts froming a thrombus

Sites of greatest predilection for atherosclerosis development

branching points

These two things increase LDL cholesterol

SF | TF

these three things decrease LDL

soluble fiber plant sterols saponins

This decreases HDL

Trans fat | smoking

This increases HDL

``` moderate alcohol (1 to 2 drinks/d depending on sex) exercise ```

4 parts of the basic amino acid strcuture

central carbon amino group carbaxy group side chain

What are essential amino acids

amino acids needed in the diet because your body cannot make them

which amino acids are essential

``` PVT TIM HaLL Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lysine ```

Conditionally essential amino acids

``` Tyrosine cysteine proline arginine glutamine ```

This AA becomes essential with phenylketonuria

tyrosine, unable to produce tyrosine from phenylanine

4 levels of protein structure

primary secondary tertiary quaternary

What protein sources are complete

animal soy quinua

which protein sources are incomplete

plant

changes 3/d structure of protein, destroys function

protein denaturation

heat, acid, mechanical force, salt

mechanisms of protein denaturation

Protein digestion location: pepsin

stomach

PProtein digestion location: trypsin

intestine

Protein digestion location: chymotrypsin

intestine

Protein digestion location: carboxypeptiase A and B

intestine

Protein digestion location: aminopeptidases

intestine

products of protein digestion

free AA dipeptides tripeptides

absorption of AA occurs here

duodenum | jejunum

These AA are absorped most quickly

essential AA

these AA are absorbed slowly

Neg charge

This is a cotransporter of AA

This is how a majority of AA are absorbed, and are faster than AA transporters

Peptide transporter

T/F: not all di/tri peptidases are all the way broke down before passing into circulation

AA enter this circulation

portal

The amino acid pool is utilized in these three ways

energy production syntesis of glucose and FA synthesis of nonprotein molecules that contain nitrogen

T/F: the main way to use AA in the body is in the formation of body proteins

Where are amino acids primarily catbolized

liver

what are the features of sickle cell anemia

glu is switched out for valine

this structure of hemoglobin is distorted in sickle cell anemia

3d (tertiary)

What is transamination

transfer of amino group from one AA to AA carbon skeleton or a-keto acid

what is deamination

removal of amino group, no transfer

The enzyme responsable for deamination is called this rather than this because the reaction process by loss of elements of water

dehydratase | deaminase

These are required by dehydratase

B6 | PLP

What is the role of the urea cycle

formation of urea (nitrogen containing compound) as a waste product

What is the role of the glucose-alanine cycle

regeneration of intermediates from AA and transport of N to live

how is nitrogen disposed of in the muslce

pyruvate is converted to alanine which can leave the muscle and enter circulation, eventually ending up in the liver

Functional categories of proteins

``` catalysts messengers structural elements buffers fluid balancers immunoprotectors transporters acute phse responders ```

what are the three BCAA

valine leucine isoleucine

in ability to process BCAA and metabolites causing the uring to look and smell like maple syrup

maple syrup urine disease

T/F: BCAA's help with muslce building and recovory

AA that is major source of energy for intestinal cells

glutamine

What are recommended intakes of protein for adults

0.8g/kg or 10-35%kcal

how does lean muscle mass change throughout the lifetime

lean mass increases throughout childhood and adolescence (to age 25) after age 50 there is a 1-2% lose per year

How is ammonia handled in the body

converted to urea in the liver, and excreated trhough the kidney

review starvation v stress in protein, last page of protein notes

okay

Exam 3 Flashcards

(216 cards)