Exam 4 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What is the main energy source: Brain (CNS)
A
Glucose, ketone bodies
2
Q
What is the main energy source: red blood cells
A
glucose
3
Q
What is the main energy source: skeletal muscle
A
glucose
ffa
tag
4
Q
What is the main energy source: adipose tissue
A
glucose
tag
5
Q
What is the main energy source: liver
A
amino acids ffa lactate glycerol glucose ethanol
6
Q
Review what hapens to glucose, fat, and protein metabolism throughout the various stages
A
okay
7
Q
How does insulin affect: glycolysis
A
inhibits
8
Q
How does insulin affect: gluconeogenesis
A
promotes
9
Q
How does insulin affect: glycogenesis
A
promotes in muscle and liver
10
Q
How does insulin affect: glycogenolysis
A
inhibits in muscle and liver
11
Q
How does insulin affect: amino acid uptake
A
inhibits in muscle
12
Q
How does insulin affect: lipoprtein lipase
A
promotes in adipose
13
Q
How does insulin affect: lipolysis
A
inhibits in adipose
14
Q
fatty acid beta oxidation is inhibited by this
A
high glucose
15
Q
Increases in AMPK in the liver lead to these 3 things
A
decreased FA synth
decreased cholesterol synth
decreased gluconeogenesis
16
Q
increases in AMPK in the muscle leads to this
A
increased glucose uptake
17
Q
This stimulates AMPK
A
Increases in AMP
Decreases in ATP
18
Q
This compound is a key building block for FA synth
A
malonyl CoA
19
Q
this compound inhibits carnitine:palmitate transferase-2
A
malonyl CoA
20
Q
Formation of malonyl CoA is inhibited by
A
AMPK
21
Q
Can fatty acids be converted to glucose
A
No
22
Q
Role of ketogenesis in the fed state
A
Nonexistent to limited
23
Q
role of ketogenesis in the post-absorptive state
A
Nonexistent to limited
24
Q
Role of ketogenesis in the fasting state
A
ketones begin to be used as an energy substrate after prolonged fasting
25
Role of ketogenesis in the starvation state
ketone concentration remains the same as prolonged fasting, but makes up a greater percent of the energy substrate for the brain ect
26
This compound is used in energy production, fat synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and ketone body formation
Acetyl CoA
27
How do amino acids contribute to energy production
They are coverted to gluconeogenic substrates, and ketonic substrates (leucine, lysine) to form substrates which are usable in energy production
28
energy sources during exercise (order)
atp-cp
lactic acid system
aerobic system
29
Exercise increases insulin sensitivity due to this
activation of AMPK
30
this system is used in high-intensity, short duration activites (
Cp-ATP system
31
This system is used in high-intensity, relatively short duration activities (1-3min)
lactic acid system (anaerobic)
32
This system is used in low-intensity, longer term activities (>3 min)
aerobic
33
these are the 4 fuel sources used during exercise
muscle glycogen
plasma glucose
plasma fatty acids
intramuscular triacylglycerols
34
This intensity level uses muscle TAG and plasma FA
low intensity (2-30% VO2max)
35
this intensity level uses increased FA OX mostly due to muscle TG
moderate (~65%VO2max)
36
This intensity level uses increased CHO ox and shows an increase in lactate production
high (85% VO2max)
37
Metabolic adaptations to exercise training: aerobic training
increased ability to perform more work at the same exercise intensity
38
4 examples of physiological training adaptations
increased muscle mitochondria density
increased capacity to store muscle glycogen
increased oxygen uptake and transport
increased fat utilization
39
this substrate is used much more in trained vs untrained individuals
intermuscular triglycerides
40
this supstrated is used much less in trained vs untrain individuals
carbohydrates
41
Maximal fat oxidation occurs at this %VO2max
65%
42
How does CHO intake affect exercise/sport performance
if increases in glycogen stores are seen than it can increase the duration of exercise
43
Released by a fall in plasma sodium, chloride, ECF volume, or blood pressure
renin
44
what releases renin
afferent glomerulus
45
renin activates this enzyme
angiotensinogen
46
activated form of angiotensinogen
angiotensin 1
47
this converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
angiotensin-converting enzyme
48
Angiotensin II stimulates these two tissues
hypothalamus
| adrenal cortex
49
This is released by the hypothalamus in response to angiotensin II
vasopressin
50
vasopressin does this
increases water retention in the kidney
51
this is released by the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II
aldosterone
52
Aldosterone does this
increases sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidney
53
What is the effect of the renin-angiotenstin aldosterone system on blood pressure
blood pressure is increased
54
What is vasopressing
a hormone that acts as a anti-diuretic
55
How do natriuretic peptides affect blood pressure
lower blood pressure by lowering cardiac output and reducing peripheral vascular resistance
56
natriuretic peptides lower blood pressure by doing this
promoting sodium and water excretion
57
in which part of the nephron are electrolytes reabsorbed
ascending loop of henly
58
in which part of the nephron is water reabsorbed
decending loop of henly
59
How does Na affect blood pressure
sodium increases blood pressure
60
how does K+ affect blood pressure
lowers blood pressure
61
These 3 systems regulate pH
Buffer system
Respiratory center
Renal regulation
62
3 dietary treatments for high blood pressure
lower sodium intake
| increase potassium and vit d intake
63
How does the kidney regulate acid-base 3balance
long term control of bicarb system
secretion of H+
synthesizing ammonium ions
64
pH of urine
5.5-6.5
65
Formula for calculation of BMI
(weight in kg)/(height in m)^2
66
lbs to kg
lbs/2.2
67
inches to cm
inches x 2.54
68
underweight bmi
69
normal weight bmi
18.5-24.9
70
overweight bmi
25-299.9
71
obese bmi
>30
72
mobidly obese bmi
>40
73
Body weight: a change in this reflects this
weight
| energy balance
74
BMI is not useful in these situations
extreme end of physical fitness
75
what is a better measure of health in heavily muscled individuals
body composition
76
IBW men =
106lb + 6lb/in (>5ft)
77
IBW woment =
100 + 5/in (>5ft)
78
%IBW =
(actual weight/ideal weight) x 100
79
normal % bodyfat in men
13-21
80
normal % bodyfat in woment
23-31
81
normal weight circumference in women and men
82
What body comp measure utilizes the principles that lean body is denser than fat, weight in air vs weight under water, and water displaced
hydrostatic weighing
83
This tool is similar to hydrostatic weighing
air displacement (bodpod)
84
Considered the gold standard of body composition measures
dual xray absorptiometry (dexa)
85
This measure of body comp is widely available, less accurate in obese, and has more operator error
skinfold thickness
86
resistance to current is inversely proportional to fat-free mass (conductivity is greater in lean tissue than fat)
bioelectrical impedance
87
total combustable energy value of food
total energy intake
88
this percent of food energy is lost in fecese
5-10%
89
energy that is absorbed from the gi tract
digestible energy intake
90
percent of digestible or absorbed energy lost in urine, etc
2-3%
91
what is available for use by cells of the body or caloric value of foods
metabolized energy
92
percent of heat lost to biochemical inefficiency of converty fuel energy into ATP
60%
93
energy converted to high-energy bonds of ATP, and the percent of metabolizable energy
energy available to couple to work
| 40%
94
percent of heat loss due to biochemical inefficiency of coupling ATP to work
24%
95
mechanical work such as respiration and circulation: transport work, synthetic work, muscle contraction, and percent metabolizable energy
energy actually used to accomplish work
| 16%
96
percent of energy lost through dissipation of heat in the body as a consequence of internal work and muscle contraction to generate force for external work
12%
97
percent of metabolizable energy that is used to do external work on the environment
2%
98
What affects BMR
energy expenditure for respiration, heartbeat, renal function and blood circulation
99
What effects the thermic effect of food
nutrient composition of food
100
according to the thermic effect of food protein increases energy expenditure by this %
20-30
101
according to the thermic effect of food CHO increases energy expenditure by this %
5-10
102
according to the thermic effect of food fat increases energy expenditure by this %
0-5%
103
4 components of energy expendiuture
BMR and REE
Thermic effect of food
physical activity
thermoregulation
104
BEE accounds for this much of total daily EE
60%
105
T/F: RMR is slightly lower than BEE
F
106
BEE for woment
1300 +/- 120 kcal
107
BEE
Basal energy expenditure at complete rest in the morning after sleep
108
T/F: lean body mas affects BEE
T
109
T/F: brain, liver, kidney, and heart are most metabolically active organs at rest
T
110
T/F: skeletal muscle REE is low (20-40% of BEE) but represents 40% of total body mass
T
111
T/F: genetics do not play a major role in influencing BEE
F
112
T/F: various physiological factors can affect BEE
T
113
measures dissipation of heat from the body
direct calorimetry
114
measures comsumption of O2 and expiration of Co2
indirect calorimetry
115
uses stable isotopes of water, and measures their disaapearance in the blood and urine for 3 weeks
doubly labeled water
116
Repiratory quotient for CHO, TAG, PRO
1. 0
0. 7
0. 8
117
maximal exercise results in an RQ closer to this value
1.0
118
This is the only orexigenic hormone
Ghrelin
119
Ghrelin does this
makes you feel hungry, makes you eat
120
Leptin is secreted from this type of tissue
adipose
121
leptin does this
suppresses hunger
122
leptin affects this portion of the brain
arcreate nucleus or hypothalamus
123
T/F: over secretion of leptin can cause the body to become resistant to it
T
124
Ghrelin is produced here
stomach and duodenum
125
adiponectin is produced here
adipocytes
126
T/F: adiponectin levels increase with increased fat mass, and deress with decreased fat mass
F
127
this hormone protects against insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia
adiponectin
128
main thing insulin does
insulin binding to receptors causes GLUT4 transporters to work on muscle and adipose tissue
129
abnormality in glucose homeostatsis
diabetes
130
insulin deficiency
type 1 diabetes
131
reduced insulin sensitivity
insulin resistance
132
mismatch betwen insuling produciton and requirements
type 2 diabetes
133
Type 1 makes up this % of cases
5-10%
134
This occurs in type 1
B-cells of the pancreas are attacked by the immune system
135
End result of T1DM
hyperglycemia
| ketoacidosis
136
reduced signaling to GLUT4 after insulin binding
insulin resistance
137
This can affect the sensitivity of insulin receptors
inflammation
138
4 steps of progression to T2DM
insulin resistance
compensatory B-cell hyperplasia
B-cell failure (early)
b-cell failure (late)
139
Characteristics of cempnsatory b-cell hyperplasia
increased insulin in blood with normoglycemia
140
Characteristics of B-cell failure (early)
falling insulin levels leading to impaired glucose tolerance
141
characteristics of lat B-cell failure
little to no insulin leading to diabetes
142
this disease has a strong association with obesity and inactivty
T2DM
143
T/F: down regulation of insulin receptors plus defects within cells are characteristics of T2DM
T
144
T/F: Ketoacidosis is very common with T2DM
F
145
4 diagnostic symptoms of diabetes
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
weight loss (fat and protein stores being used)
146
2 short term complications of DM
hypoglycemia
| hyperglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis
147
microvascular disease, macrovascular disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension
long-term complications of DM
148
Blood test for diagnosis of DM
HbA1c
149
HbA1c checks for this
glycated hemoglobin
150
T/F: HbA1c is a measure of short term blood glucose control
F, long term control 2-3 months
151
A1c, FPG, OGTT for diabetes
>6.5%
>126
>200
152
A1c, FPG, OGTT for pre-diabetes
5.7-6.4
100-125
140-199
153
A1c, FPG, OGTT for normal
5%
154
absolute insulin requirement
T1DM
155
insulin resistance, impaired beta cell function
T2DM
156
DM that develops during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
157
goals of treatments for T2DM
reduce blood glucose
158
treatment for T1DM
insulin therapy
159
General diabetes treatment
lose excess body fat
exercise
eat balanced diet
160
T/F: all overweight people are insulin resistant
F
161
T/F: insulin sensitivity improves with weight loss
T
162
T/F: Low-fat, high CHO diet requires less insulin which is good for those who are insulin resistanct
T
163
medicine type for T2Dm
oral hypoglycemic agents
164
this number of risk factors for MS is grounds for diagnosis
3+
165
5 risk factors for metabolic syndrome
elevated waist circumference
elevated TAG (>=150)
reduced HDL (=130(and/or)/85)
elevated fasting glucose (>=100 mg/dl)
