Exam 1 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
The scientific study of woody plants?
A
Dendrology (studies trees, shrubs, and lianas)
2
Q
Terrestrial area interacting with aquatic areas?
A
Riparian
3
Q
What does the riparian area help with?
A
Helps keep the nitrogen from entering the waterways (Fertilizer - NPK)
4
Q
Great Smokey Mountains are nitrogen saturated
A
too much nitrogen - can’t used anymore nitrogen in that area
5
Q
Trees and Human Evolution
A
Human ancestors became bipedal between 4.5-5 mya
Changes in the environment with regard to trees are most likely attributed to human ancestors becoming bipedal
6
Q
Savanna
A
grassland with distantly spaced trees
7
Q
Psychologically humans prefer which, savannas or dense forests?
A
Savanna
8
Q
Religion use to want you to conquer nature, why?
A
Nature use to surround us but this is no longer the case, now we surround nature
9
Q
In Norse Legend this is an ash tree from which water of the knowledge flows
A
Yggdrasil
10
Q
Odin, the chief god in Norse mythology, hung himself from this tree in order to gain power in the nine Norse worlds
A
Yggdrasil
11
Q
In Egyptian mythology a ___ stood at the threshold of life and death
A
Sycamore
12
Q
In Chinese mythology a tree produces a ___ every 3000 years and whoever eats it becomes immortal
A
peach
13
Q
The historic Elon “senior oak” died in ___
A
1981
14
Q
“Mighty oaks form little acorns grow”
A
saying that dates back to the 1400s
15
Q
This tree was used in the Lord of the Rings to represent the damage to nature caused by industrialization
A
The White Tree of Gondor
16
Q
Type of tree that has one or a few stems on a single root system
A
Unitary
17
Q
Type of tree that develops a grove of genetically identical trees
A
Clonal
18
Q
A grove of Clonal trees is called?
A
Genet
19
Q
A single tree in a Genet is called?
A
Ramet
20
Q
Coastal Redwoods are the tallest trees but ___ are considered larger due to shear mass
A
Sequias
21
Q
The largest giant sequoia is called?
A
General Sherman
272 ft tall with a 35 ft wide trunk
22
Q
This poet wrote the poem “Trees”
A
Joyce Kilmar
23
Q
This wilderness area in NC has monster yellow-poplars?
A
Slickrock Wilderness Area
Joyce Kilmar Memorial Forest is part of the wilderness area
24
Q
This poet wrote a parody to Kilmar’s “Trees”
A
Ogden Nash
25
This Dr. Seuss character speakers for the trees and defends them against the greedy Oncer-lers
The Lorax
| 1971
26
This band produced a song in 1978 called "The Trees"
Rush
27
Between the first settlers and the time it took for the Piedmont to be colonized the region lost how much organic soil
3 inches
28
How many years does it take to produce 1 inch of organic soil in a good deciduous forest
500 years
29
The characteristics shape and size of the tree
Habit
30
The three types of vegetative morphology
habit, leave, bark
31
Morphological features can vary with __ and __?
Age and Locaiton
32
Morphological features can vary with __ and __?
Age and Location
33
Characteristics of open grown trees
without competition form other tree, an open grown tree will have a large crown, shorter trunk, and more taper on its stem
Not high quality lumber
34
Characteristics of forest grown trees
Competition for sunlight and energy is dedicated to height growth, rather than grown growth
They have longer trunks, smaller crown, and less taper
produce superior lumber - long branch free stem
35
Type of trees with a spreading canopy with a lollipop shaped crown
decurrent trees
36
Type of trees with a more columnar crown
excurrent trees
37
These type of trees have a basal rosette of leaves or have an irregularly branched flowing stem - catus
Yucca-like trees
38
Type of tree that has a clear trunk with a rosette of leaves at the top
Palm - shaped trees
39
Type of tree that has a clear trunk with a rosette of leaves at the top
Palm - shaped trees
40
DBH is a measurement of what?
Measurement of the trees stem at breast height (4.5 feet or 1.4 meters above ground)
DBH can be used to calculate important measures like Basal Area
41
Two Leaf Types
Simple, Compound
42
Three types of compound leaves
pinnate, bi-pinnate, and palmate
43
These type of trees are tardily deciduous; they do not form abescission layer and they drop their leaves unless they are taken off by the wind, rain, or new buds form.
Marcescent
Their leaves turn brown but they do not fall - hang on through winter
common in the Fagaceae family
44
Three type of leaf arrangements
Opposite, Whorled, Alternate
45
These leaf pairs occur at right angles
Decussate
46
These leaves occur in one plane on the stem
Distichous
47
Five basic types of leaf venation
Pinnate, Palmate, Pinnipalmate, Parallel, Dichotomous
48
Leaf venation type with a single midrib with lateral veins branching off at intervals - the lateral veins may not be opposite or straight
Pinnate venation (feather - like)
49
Leave venation type with three or more primary veins that arise from the junction of the base of the leaf and the petiole
Palmate venation
50
Leaf venation type that is in our book but no one uses it
Pinnipolmate venation
51
Leaf venation type that has many straight equal-size veins that parallel on another until they join near the apex
Parallel venation
52
Leaf venation type that has a repeating forking pattern or Y-branching pattern
Dichotomous venation
53
When the lateral venation arches towards that apex when they reach the leaf margin
Arcuate venation
54
Four types of Conifer leaves
Acicular (needle-like)
Linear
Subulate (awl-shaped)
Scale
55
Conifer leaf type that is long and slender that often comes in bundles of 2, 3, or 5 facicles and held together at the base by a fascicle sheath of overlapping bud scales
Acicular (needle-like)
56
Conifer leaf type that is shorter than acicular, narrow, and either flat, triangular, or square in cross-section
Linear
57
Linear conifer leaves can attach to the stem in 4 ways
sessile on a the twig
sessile on a peg
petiolate
petiolate on a peg
58
Conifer leaf type that is short, narrow, stiff, and tapering to a point
Subulate (awl-shaped)
59
Conifer leaf type that is small, a pressed, imbricate
Scale
60
Scale conifer leaves that cover the sides of the twig and tend to be keeled with a ridge along the center of the leaf
Lateral scales
61
Scale conifer leaves that cover the top and bottom of the leaf and tend to be flat
Facial scales
62
Sunken veins on leaf surface
Rugose
63
Wax on the top of the cuticle
Glaucous
64
Hairs on leaves are called?
Trichomes
65
Leaf hairiness: smooth
Glabrous
66
Leaf hairiness: soft, fine hairs
Pubescent
67
Leaf hairiness: matted woolly hairs
Tomentose
68
Leaf hairiness: rough, sandpapery bristly hairs
Scabrous
69
Leaf hairiness: having hair rays parallel to the surface
Stellate
70
Leaf texture: thick and leathery
Coriaceous
71
Leaf texture: thin and papery
Membranous
72
Buds at the end of the twig
Terminal Bud aka Apical Bud
73
Buds along the twig
Lateral Bud
74
When there is more than one lateral bud at a node, the bud above the leaf scar is the true lateral bud, the others are called ___
Accessory Buds
75
When accessory buds appear above a lateral bud they are called ___
Superposed
76
When accessory buds are arranged on either side of the lateral bud, they are called ____
Collateral buds
77
These buds are found on roots and stems that can give rise to adventitious branchlets, shoots, or roots
Epicormic buds
78
These two practices take advantage of epicormic buds
Pollarding and coppicing
79
This is done to keep trees at the same uniform height or to produce new wood for fuel
Pollarding
80
This was used for quick generation of forests after harvest - used a lot to manage many broad-leaf trees
Coppicing
81
These are modified leaves or stipules that protect the bud
Bud scales
82
A bud without scales is considered
"naked"
| common in the tropics
83
Overlapping bud scales are called
Imbricate
84
Non-overlapping bud scales are called
Valvate
85
___ represents where a petiole once attached to a twig
Leaf scar
86
Theses are often apparent in the leaf scars
Vascular bundle scars
87
___ are small lens shaped, sometimes wart like tissue that provided aeration for the growing cells of a twig
Lenticels
88
__ is usually a difference color than the wood surrounding it
Pith
89
__ and __ of the pith can be useful in the identification process
shape and texture
90
Two types of shapes pith can come in
```
Terete = round
Stellate = star-shaped
```
91
Twp types of textures pith can come in
```
Continuous = solid
Diaphragmed = chambered, spongy
```
92
Two shoot types
Long and short
93
Elongation of the internode implies which shoot type
Long shoot
94
A spur of dwarf shoot that bears only leaves or leaves and flowers implies which shoot type
Short shoot
95
This type of short shoot type continues growing
interminate short shoot
96
This type of short shoot type does not continue growing and drops with the leaves
determinate short shoot
97
These are modified stems commonly found on honey-locust and hawthorn trees
Thorns
98
These are modified leaves
Spines
99
What are the two types of spines
Foliar and stipular
100
One spine with a bud in the axil
Foliar
101
One spine on either side of the leaf scar
Stipular
| Black locust have stipular spines
102
Prickles arise from the ___
epidermis
103
Why is bark economically valuable?
```
Burned for energy in saw mills
Contains important chemical compounds: (alkaloids, tannins, dyes, and pharmaceuticals)
Cordage and paper fibers
Decorative mulch
Pine bark soaks up oil
```
104
Why is bark ecologically important?
many epiphytic lichens, algae, liverworts, and mosses live on it
105
Reproductive morphology: Because plants are under such strong selective pressure, reproductive structure are most stable
True
106
___ is the male reproduction structure and carries sperm
Pollen
107
___ is the female reproduction structure and carries eggs
Ovules
108
These type of flowers have both male and female reproductive parts
Perfect Flowers
109
These type of flowers only have one gender
Imperfect Flowers
110
Trees with perfect flowers are monoecious or dioecious?
Monoecious
111
Trees with imperfect flowers of both sexes are monoecious or dioecious
Monoecious
112
Trees with just one gender of imperfect flowers are monoecious or dioecious?
Dioecious
113
Term for trees that can switch gender with age or vary from year to year
Sequential hermaphroditism
114
Some trees can have both perfect and imperfect flowers on them
True
115
Pollination: pollen sac to ovule
gymnosperms
116
Pollination: anther to stigma
angiosperms
117
Gymno =
| sperm =
"naked"
| "seed"
118
Pollen cones are NOT useful for identificaiton of the trees
True
119
Although they have seeds, cones are not fruits
True
120
Ovulate cones are made up of ___ which can be woody, leathery, or semi-fleshy
Scales (sporophylls)
121
This is the exposed part of the cone scale
Apophysis
122
This is the small protuberance on the apophysis
Umbo
123
These type of cones require fire or extreme heat to open
Serotinous cones
124
Angio =
| sperm =
"Vessel"
| "seed"
125
___ are flowering plants that have seeds inside of a fruit
Angiosperms
126
Angiosperms are far more complex that gymnosperms and are better at seed dispersal
True
127
Four main parts of a flower
Sepals
Petals
Stamen
Pistil or Carpel
128
Parts of the Stamen
Anther
| Filament
129
Parts of the Pistil/Carpel
Stigma
Style
Ovary
130
Flowers with radial symmetry
Actinomorphic
131
Flowers with bilateral symmetry
Zygomorphic
132
The arrangement of several flowers on a stem
Inflorenscence
133
The arrangement of several fruits on a stem
Infrutescence
134
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a rachis with sessile flowers
Spike
135
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a dense spike with many apetalous, unisexual flowers (Usually pendant)
Catkin
136
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a central axis with pedicelled flowers
Raceme
137
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a number of sessile flowers clusted on a common receptacle
Head
138
a fruit is a ripened __
ovary
139
Term for dry fruits that are classified based on whether or not they split open
Dehisce
| Dehiscent fruits usually have a line of suture
140
A strawberry is a fleshy compound fruit with many seeds which are called
achenes
141
Fruits can be simple and compound
True
142
Fruits formed from a single ovary in a flower
Simple fruit
143
Fruits formed from several ovaries that remain together when the fruit matures
Compound fruit
144
Five means of seed dispersal
```
Diffuse
Water
Wind
Ballistic
Animal
```
145
Organism that has escaped cultivation
Invasive
146
Three types of Asexual vegetation reproduction
Sprouting
Layering
Fragmentation - relies on adventitious buds
