Exam 2 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is a tree?
A
A perennial woody plant, with a single main stem or trunk, and clear apical dominance
2
Q
Are all trees seed plants?
A
Yes
3
Q
What two Phyla do most trees fall into?
A
Coniferophyta
Anthophyta
4
Q
What is wood?
A
A fibrous tissue composed of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin.
5
Q
What is wood produced by?
A
The secondary xylem in roots and shoots
6
Q
What makes up wood?
A
Lignin
7
Q
How many groups of fungi can decompose lignin?
A
Only one
8
Q
What are trees two growth patterns?
A
Primary - elongation
Secondary - width
9
Q
What is the heartwood of a tree?
A
Heartwood is older that sapwood and is usually darker because it has become infused with secondary chemicals
Heartwood is dead
10
Q
What is the sapwood of a tree?
A
Sapwood is also dead and is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from roots to leaves
11
Q
Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have xylem cells called?
A
Tracheids
12
Q
What do gymnosperms not have?
A
vessel elements
13
Q
What is the difference between tracheids and vessel elements
A
Tracheids - long and slender
Vessel elements - shorter and wider
14
Q
When did land plants originate?
A
about 475 mya
15
Q
When did vascular plants evolve?
A
about 420 mya
16
Q
When did seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) originate?
A
about 305 mya
17
Q
The common ancestor of all land plants is?
A
Green Alga
18
Q
List the 7 types of common land plants
A
Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
19
Q
Of the extant plant phyla, all woody plants are?
A
seed plants
20
Q
All gymnosperm phyla have some woody representatives but most are in which phylum?
A
Coniferophyta
21
Q
Conifer wood is called?
A
“softwood”
22
Q
How many Ginkgo species are extant?
A
1
23
Q
Amongst the angiosperms, all woody plants are?
A
dicots
24
Q
Angiosperm wood is called?
A
“hardwood”
25
What does wood do?
Living wood transfers nutrients and water to leaves
| Living and dead wood provide structural support
26
What two simple systems can all plants be divided into?
root and shoot systems
27
Components of the shoot system:
Flower
Leaf
Bud
Stem
28
Components of the root system:
Taproot
| Fibrous root
29
Phloem conducts __ down the stem and is alive.
Sugars
30
Carbon fixation/sequestration are ___ ___ provided by trees
Ecosystem services
31
What was the FACE project mainly looking at?
To see what happens if you increase the amount of CO2 around trees.
32
What does FACE stand for?
Free-air concentration enrichment
33
Is wood really just air that has been chemically changes into its hard state?
Yes
34
___ and ___ are the main contributors to removing carbon from the atmosphere.
photosynthesis
| oceans
35
Biogeochemistry looks at?
understanding the cycles of the earth
36
When did the FACE experiment start and what did is focus on?
1996
Focused on Loblolly pine trees that were exposed to CO2 concentrations one and a half times the ambient levels (the expected 2050 levels)
37
Did the CO2 enriched trees do better than the unenhanced?
Yes, for a little bit at least.
| For about 7 years the enriched trees grew 10-25% faster than the unenhanced trees.
38
What plant loved the elevated CO2 levels and had 70% growth enhancement
Poison ivy - it grew super well and the samples has a lot more of the itching chemical
39
When did the FACE study end?
experiment was shut down in 2012
40
Why did the trees in the FACE study not grow as fast after 7 years?
Liebig's Law of the minimum - plant can only grow as fast as the limiting resource.
41
What was the limiting resource in the FACE study?
Nitrogen
Trees were growing so fast that they sucked all of the nitrogen out and limited themselves
Loblolly pine can grow so fast that the apical meristem bends over - called a speed wobble and it forms a permanent bend in the tree.
42
Dust can carry what into the water systems?
Nitrogen
43
What mountains are nitrogen saturated?
Great Smokey Mountains
44
How do human's fix nitrogen?
Haber process - puts nitrogen under pressure and combines it with hydrogen to produce ammonia
Also done through fossil fuel combustion
45
How does nature fix nitrogen?
Rhizobial (biological fixation)
| Lightning
46
What is acid rain really not that big of an issue anymore?
Thanks to the clean air act - no more sulfur is allowed to be released from factories
(Legislation that actually did something)
47
How much nitrogen is fixed naturally in 1 year?
100Tg
48
How much nitrogen is fixed by humans in 1 year?
140Tg
49
Soil with a pH of 4.5 or lower ___ becomes mobile.
Aluminum
50
What was the acidity of US soil in the 1980's?
4.7-5.4 pH
51
What was the acidity of US soil in 2002?
3.1-4.7 pH
52
What are the consequences of excess nitrogen?
Eutrophication in water
(only 1/3 of nitrogen is taken up by targeted crops)
Water is normally oligotrophic
53
Classification is?
the ordering of trees into groups that have common characteristics
54
What does classification seek to recognize?
The correct evolutionary lineage of organisms (their phylogenies)
55
Instead of "phylum" plant taxonomists call it this?
Division
56
In plants, it is also helpful to recognize sub- (under or beneath) and super- (over or above) classifications.
true
57
The basic unit of taxonomy and classification - it is the smallest unit at which individuals share phylogenetic features
Species
58
A ___ is any group of related organisms
taxon
59
What is the biological definition of species?
A group of organisms that can interbreed in nature
60
Do plants always listen to the biological definition?
No.
Plants often violate this assumption but we still recognize species in groups that hybridize
(Hybridization tends to be relatively common but most individuals have features that identify them as belonging to a particular species)
61
What are the 10 classification levels?
(D,K,Sub,Super,pD,C,O,F,G,S)
```
Domain
Kingdom
Subkingdom
Superkingdom
Phylum (Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
```
62
What are the first four levels of classification of all seed plants?
```
Domain = Eukarya
Kingdom = Plantae
Subkingdom = Tracheobionta
Superkingdom = Spermatophyta
```
63
Classification began with this man?
Carolus Linneaus
| He was Swedish
64
What was Linneaus' system like?
His system was very simple and grouped some plants together in a way that, today, we would recognize as erroneous
He used characteristics of flowers like the number of stamens and pistils to indicate relatedness among plants
65
What did Linneaus' system not take into account?
Convergent evolution.
| Errors in classification arise from grouping organisms together based on homoplasises
66
What system do we use today to classify organisms?
Cladistics
67
Cladistics
The process of grouping organisms into clades.
| The product is a cladogram.
68
Clade
a group of closely related species and their common ancestor
69
Cladogram
the product of utilizing cadistics
| it is a diagram showing relatedness for the taxon in question
70
Parsomony
the cheapest
| the simplest answer is probably the right one
71
To determine the ingroup of a clade you use this?
outgroup
72
Linneaus classified based on simple characteristics, what do today taxonomists used to determine relatedness?
```
Morphology
Anatomy
Cytology
Palynology
Chemistry of secondary compounds
Ribosomal RNA
DNA
Enzymes to determine relatedness
```
73
Modern cladistics relies on these to produce cladograms.
very large databases and sophisticated computer programs
74
All cladograms are __ about the relatedness of the organisms in question.
Hypotheses
75
Can common or "familiar" names be used in scientific papers?
Yes, but because they vary widely by region, the scientific name must always be used to identify the species.
76
Common names are written in lower case except for proper names.
True
77
Common names often refer to:
```
Habitat
Feature of the tree
Locality
Use
Commemoration
Adaptation from other language
```
78
The scientific name of any organism is binomial and written as?
Genus and specific epithet
79
What does it mean when a name is written as one word or has a hyphen?
That tree is named incorrectly
| Typically it was realized later that it did not fit into that genus
80
Plants often have subspecies, varietals, or forms
True
81
In plants is it common to write the full or abbreviated name of the person or persons who originally published the plants name?
Yes it is
| The name in the parentheses is always the original describer
82
Pinus jeffreyi (Grev. & Balf.) means
that both authors are equally responsible for the name
83
Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carr. means
that Parry used the binomial for this species but didn’t publish it
Carriere published the name but gave credit to Parry
84
Pinus edulis Englem. in Wisliz. means
that the name Engelmann used was published in a book by Wislizenus
85
The "___" in a any scientific name means that the plant is a hybrid
X
86
Intergeneric hybrids are noted with the x where?
X before the genus name
87
Cultivars are denoted with?
cv
88
Why do scientific names change?
Names change because of nomenclatural or taxonomic reasons
| new information on the taxonomy on the genus
89
Division word endings consistently end in
ophyta
90
Class word endings consistently end in
opsida
91
Subclass word endings consistently end in
idea
92
Order word endings consistently end in
ales
93
Family word endings consistently end in
aceae
94
Groups of organisms that fit within a taxonomic category are often grouped with this suffix
"con"
95
Some taxa have only one species, for this the suffix ___ is used
"mono"
ex: Genus Ginkgo is monospecific
96
Knowledge of these three factors is not only interesting from an ecological stand point but it is helpful in identifying trees
Habitat
Range
Communities
97
All species are adapted to a range of environmental conditions
True
98
Is the adaptation of a tree to a specific range genetic?
Yes
99
What do we call the range a tree has adapted to?
"Niche"
100
Acclimatization
you get use to it
101
What is a niche?
A niche is the range of some number of environmental conditions to which an organism is adapted
102
What did Joseph Grinnell call a niche in the past?
The organisms "place" in it's world
103
What did Charles Elton call a niche in the past?
The organisms "role" in it's world
104
G. Evelyn Hutchinson defined the niche as an
"N-dimensional hypervolume"
105
Do species always occupy their entire niche?
no
106
The ___ niche is everywhere an organism could live in the absence of interspecific competitors
Fundamental
107
The ___ niche is everywhere it does live as a consequence of competitive outcomes with other species
realized
108
Joseph Connell did research on which two species?
Balanus (bullies)
| Chthamalus
109
GF Gause proposed the idea of competitive exclusion. What is it?
That when the niches of two species overlap they would not coexist and one would competitively exclude the other.
(Interspecific competition)
110
Limiting similarity
There is a maximum level of niche overlap between two species that will allow them to coexist
111
Resource partitioning ("niche shift")
Competing species utilize parts of the habitat in which that are most competitive
112
Character displacement
an evolutionary shift in behavior or physiology that results in niche partitioning
113
In any situation in which resources are too available, species will increase their niche space in order to utilize those resources - expand to their fundamental niche
true
114
If resources are limiting then competition will force those species back to their realized niche.
true
115
Climate
the regional interaction between solar radiation, the atmosphere and land and water masses
(not weather)
116
Soil
a living, three-dimensional substrate that provides water and most nutrient elements to trees
soil also provides support for the stem and crown of a tree
soil vary in texture, nutrient status, and age
117
dirt
soil where you don't want it
118
Rain forest has old soil - farmers clear land and add nutrients with this method
slash and burn
| soil only have nutrients for about 3-4 years
119
Physiography
```
slope
elevation
aspect
land-shape
land-water interface
```
120
Biota
all of the living organisms within an area
121
ecotone
region where the organisms present might start to shift due to environmental factors
122
endemic
native/restricted to an area
123
aspect
the direction a slope faces
124
North and east facing slopes stay ___ and ___ than do south and west facing slopes
cooler and moister
125
Temperature goes down and precipitation goes up as elevation increases
true
