Exam 1 Flashcards
(298 cards)
1
Q
Heroine inhibits _______.
A
GABA
2
Q
__________ inhibits dopamine.
A
GABA
3
Q
Where in the brain is dopamine released?
A
The reward center
4
Q
______ are groups of cells within the brain.
A
Centers
5
Q
Heroine turns on the ____ center and turns off the _____ center.
A
euphoric
respiratory
6
Q
What does refactory mean? Why is it a problem with heroine usage?
A
- with time, a drug will lose its effectiveness
- The euphoric and respiratory centers do not become refactory at the same rate, so an addict will take a higher dosage to get the high, but it is too much for the respiratory system and so that system will shut down
7
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The study of form and structure
8
Q
What is histology?
A
the study of form and structure of cells
9
Q
What is gross anatomy?
A
The study of structure that can be seen with the naked eye
10
Q
______ is the study of function.
A
Physiology
11
Q
What is a lumen?
A
An open, hollow space in the body
12
Q
_______ cells are cells that contact the lumen.
A
Luminal
13
Q
What is the median plane?
A
Divides the body into equal right and left halves
14
Q
What is a sagittal plane?
A
Any plane parallel to the median plane
15
Q
What is the transverse plane?
A
Divides the body into cranial and caudal segments
16
Q
What is the frontal plane?
A
Divides the body into ventral and dorsal segments
17
Q
What direction is lateral?
A
Away from the median plane
18
Q
What direction is medial?
A
Toward/Close to the median plane
19
Q
What direction is dorsal?
A
Toward/beyond the backbone
20
Q
What direction is ventral?
A
Away from the backbone and toward the abdominal wall
21
Q
What direction are deep and superficial?
A
Deep indicates proximity to the center. Superficial indicates proximity to the surface
22
Q
What direction is proximal?
A
Close to a given part, usually the vertebral column
23
Q
What direction is distal?
A
Farther from the vertebral column
24
Q
What direction is caudal?
A
Toward the tail
25
What direction is cranial?
Toward the head
26
What direction is rostral?
Toward the nose
27
What direction is cortical?
Toward the outside
28
What direction is medullary?
Toward the center
29
What is the organization of the body?
Cells --> tissues --> organs --> Systems -->
30
What are tissues?
Specialized cells with a common function
31
What are organs?
Specialized tissues with a common function
32
______ are groups of specialized organs with a common function.
Systems
33
What is the name of study of the skeletal system and what are the chief structures?
- Osteology
| - Bones
34
What is the name of the study of the articular system and what are the chief structures?
Arthrology
| -Joints
35
What is the name of the study of the muscular system and what are the chief structures?
- Myology
| - Muscles
36
What is the name of the study of the digestive system and what are the chief structures?
- Splanchnology
| - stomach/intestines
37
What is the name of the study of the respiratory system and what are the chief structures?
- Splanchnology
| - Lungs/airways
38
What is the name of the study of the urinary system and what are the chief structures?
- Splanchnology
| - Kidneys and bladder
39
What is the name of the study of the reproductive system and what are the main structures?
- Splanchnology
| - Ovaries, testes
40
What is the name of the study of the endocrine system and what are the chief structures?
- Endocrinology
| - Ductless glands
41
What is the name of the study of the circulatory system and what are the chief structures?
- Cardiology
| - Heart/vessels
42
What is the name of the study of the sensory system and what are the chief structures?
- Esthesiology
| - Eye/ear
43
What are the four kinds of tissues?
1. Epithelium
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscular
44
What does connective tissue include?
- Bone
- fat
- blood
45
True or False: The four kinds of tissues are found in every body system.
True
46
True or False: The systems develop at the same time in the embryo and throughout life.
False, they do not all develop at the same time
47
What are the first two and last two bodily systems to develop?
First: Integument, nervous
Last: Reproductive, adipose
48
______ ____ means that there are different rates of growth in associated tissues or structures.
Differential growth
49
Because systems develop at different rates, _______ develop at different times as well.
Tissues
50
What are the three germ Layers? Which is the most superficial? Which is the most deep?
- Ectoderm (most superficial)
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm (Most deep)
51
______ is synonymous to entoderm and gives rise to what?
- Endoderm
| - Tissues and organs
52
What is the mass of cells at the top of a blastocyst called?
The inner cell mass
53
As _____ cells move through the primitive streak, they differentiate into _____cells.
- Ectoderm
| - Mesoderm
54
What are the three germ layers of the blastocyst?
Mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm
55
Which germ layer forms first? Which forms last?
First: Ectoderm
Last: Mesoderm
56
What germ layer forms the mesoderm?
Ectoderm
57
Ectoderm moves through the _____ ____ and differentiates into mesoderm.
The primitive streak
58
What is the tissue fate of the ectoderm?
Epithelium and nervous tissue
59
What is the tissue fate of the mesoderm?
Muscular and connective tissue
60
What is the tissue fate of the endoderm?
Epithelium
61
What two germ layers can give rise to epithelial tissue? This tissue is sometimes _____ in these germ layers.
- Ectoderm and Endoderm
| - Secretory
62
Epithelia can invaginate and get pinched off to form ______.
Glands
63
______ are old epithelial cells that become secretory. When epithelial cells are secretory, they are ______.
- Glands
| - Glandular
64
How much of a sharks weight does the liver make up?
1/3
65
_____ are from secretory epithelium.
Glands
66
_____ glands are duct glands.
Exocrine
67
______ glands are ductless glands.
Endocrine
68
Which germ layer would become the digestive glands?
Endoderm
69
As a blastocyst ages, what three things (in order) must happen?
1. Neural Tube Forms
2. Mesoderm Splits laterally
3. Bulbous enlargements lateral to the neural tube
70
Initially the embryonic disk helps make up the ectoderm of the blastocyst, but eventually what does the disk form and what is left?
The disk eventually forms the neural tube, and just ectoderm is left on the outside becoming skin
71
What is Spina Bifida?
Failure of the neural arch formation that can result in a discolored spot or protruding nervous tissue. Failure of the neural tube to close caudally
72
How can Spina Bifida be diagnosed?
Through amniocentesis- put a needle in the amnion and draw fluid to test for alpha fetal protein. If levels are high, the baby will likely have spinal bifida.
73
The ______is the space that forms when the mesoderm splits.
coelom
74
The outside of the neural tube in the blastocyste is lined by what kind of cells?
Somites
75
There are bulbs on the right and left of the neural tube made of ________.
Somites
76
The neural tube will become the _____ _____.
Dorsal Cavity
77
What germ layer do somites come from? What do they become in the adult?
- Mesoderm
| - Vertebrae
78
What is the splanchnopleure?
-Mesoderm that lies close to the endoderm
79
True or False: The coelom remains and will become cavities
True
80
Superficial mesoderm becomes ______. ______ mesoderm is deep and will become ______ muscle.
- Skeletal muscle
- Splanchnopleure
- Smooth
81
What three body cavities come from the coelom?
Peritoneal cavity, pelvis cavity, and thoracic cavity
82
What cavity is not from the coelom? Where does it come from?
Dorsal Cavity
| -Comes from the rolling in of the neural tubeA
83
The peritoneal cavity is more commonly known as the _____ cavity.
Abdominal
84
A sac has two edges. What are they? Which is the outer edge and which is the deeper edge?
- Visceral Edge (deeper)
| - Parietal Edge (outer)
85
The visceral edge of a sac will become ______ muscle, while the parietal edge will become ______ muscle.
- smooth
| - skeletal
86
What are the three body sacs?
1. Peritoneum/Peritoneal
2. Pericardial
3. Pleural
87
The special epithelium that develops inside the coelomic cavity is the ________. What do these cells make up?
- Mesothelial
| - These cells make up the wall of adult sacs
88
The mesoderm gives rise to muscular and connective tissue, as well as _____. Therefore, all germ layers give rise to ______ tissue.
- Mesothelium
| - Epithelial
89
What is the order of the layering of tissues in the body?
Epithelial --> Connective --> muscle --> Connective --> epithelial (Space) Epithelial --> connective --> muscle --> connective --> epithelial
90
In the case of the intestinal lumen, what is the order of layering of tissues in the body?
Skin (epithelial) --> Subcutaneous fascia (connective) --> skeletal (muscle) --> Transverse Fascia (connective) --> Mesothelium (epithelial) (Space: Paritoneum/abdominal cavity) Serosa (epithelial) --> submucosa (connective) --> muscle --> Submucosa (connective) --> Mucosal Membrane (epithelial)
91
What is the outermost layer of the GIT called? What part of the peritoneum is it?
- Serosa
| - Visceral
92
Epithelium in the glands is called the ______epithelium.
Glandular
93
What two layers can the ectoderm be further divided into?
The surface ectoderm (integument) and the neuroectoderm (nervous system/sensory)
94
Part of the integument system, and the circulatory, muscular, skeletal, reproductive (gonads) systems, all came from what germ layer?
Mesoderm
95
The respiratory system, reproductive tract, urinary tract, and digestive system all came from what germ layer?
Endoerm
96
True or False: gonads of the reproductive system came from the endoderm, while the reproductive tract itself came from the mesoderm.
False, gonads from mesoderm, and tract from endoderm
97
The ______ gives rise to the digestive system.
Splanchnopleure
98
The digestive system is a combination of ______ and ____ germ layers.
Mesoderm
| Endoderm
99
True or False: Nerves extend through all layers of the body.
True
100
The white line down the center of the abdomen is the ____ _____, and it borders the ____ _____.
- Linea Alba
| - Transverse Fascia
101
What are the three kinds of specialized epithelium?
1. Mesothelium
2. Endothelium
3. Ependymal Cells
102
What specialized epithelial cells line blood vessels? What kind line the dorsal cavity?
- Blood vessels: endothelium
| - Dorsal Cavity: Ependymal cells
103
Ependymal cells line the dorsal cavity in the ______.
Brain
104
List five characteristics of epithelial cells.
1. Interface with the outside and inside (lumenal) environments
2. Form tight junctions with neighboring cells
3. Sit on a basement membrane/basal lamina
4. Innervated
5. Avascular
105
Epithelial cells are _____ in shape, sit on a ____ ____, and have ______ .
- Columnar
- Basal lamina
- Polarity
106
90% of cancers that affect us occur in what tissues? Why?
- Epithelial
| - They are exposed to noxious agents more than other body tissues and are fast-growing and rapidly-dividing
107
Skin is made up of what two layers?
Dermis and epidermis
108
The epidermis is composed of _____ ____ epithelium.
Stratified squamous
109
How many layers make up the epidermis? What is the sixth most deep layer?
- 5
| - Dermis
110
The ____ ____ separates the dermis from the epidermis.
Basal Lamina
111
What is the layering of cell shapes in the epidermis?
Columnar are the deepest cells, then cuboidal, then squamous
112
If there is one layer of epithelial cells, it is ______ epithelium. If there are multiple layers, it is ______.
- Simple
| - Striated
113
What layer is underneath the dermis?
Hypodermis
114
The epidermis is from the _____ germ layer, while the dermis is from the ______.
- Ectoderm
| - Mesoderm
115
Both the dermis and hypodermis are _____ tissue. However, the dermis is part of the skin, while the hypodermis is ______ _____.
- Connective
| - Subcutaneous fascia
116
True or False: Skin has three of the four types of tissue- epithelial, connective, and nervous.
False, muscle is also present in the erector pili
117
What kind of tissue can become secretory?
Epithelial
118
Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning what?
Capillaries stop at the basal lamina
119
Each layer of skin is called a ______.
Stratum
120
What is the most superficial and most deep layer of skin?
Most superficial: stratum corneum
| Most deep: Stratum basale
121
What skin layer does this describe: dead cells with a hard protein envelope; the cell contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids.
Stratum corneum
122
What skin layer does this describe?: Cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become cells of the more superficial strata.
Stratum Basale
123
What epithelial layer is the most dangerous when cancerous? Why? What shape are these cells?
- Stratum basale
- They are actively dividing
- columnar
124
What part of the body has the thickest stratum corneum? Thinnest?
- Thick: sole of feet
| - Thin: eyelid
125
As epithelial cells grow toward the surface, they begin to accumulate ______ and are called ______. Then they harden, and are called _______.
- Keratin
- Keratinocytes
- Corneocytes
126
A _______ is a hard keratinocyte.
Corneocyte
127
What five kinds of cells are found in the epidermis? Which ones are non-epithelial?
1. Keratinocytes
2. Corneocytes
3. Melanocytes (NE)
4. Merkel Cells (NE)
5. Langerhans Cells (NE)
128
Keratinocytes differentiate to corneocytes to form the ____ _____.
Stratum corneum
129
What do melanocytes do?
Melanocytes produce melanin in the stratum basale. They then transfer the melanin to keratinocytes so that melanin accumulates near the cells apical surfaes to shield the cell nucleus containing DNA from UV damage.
130
What do Merkel cells do?
Merkel cells form a merkel disc and are associated with sensory nerve endings.
131
What do Langerhan's cells do?
Langerhan's cells form in bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis to function as macrophages for the immune system.
132
Langerhan's cells are epidermal _______ cells.
dendritic
133
Merkel cells are a type of _______ cell for nerve endings.
Sensory
134
In the dermis are nipple shaped projections called ______. These form fingerprints.
Papilla
135
The dermis makes up what percentage of skin?
80%
136
What are the two parts of the epidermis?
- Loose irregular connective tissue (superficial)
| - Dense irregular connective tissue (Deep)
137
Connective tissue is composed of what kinds of cells?
- Collagen
- Elastic fibers
- Fibroblasts
138
In what layer of the skin are capillaries found? How are they ordered?
- Hypodermis
| - Layered horizontally in a plexus
139
Vasoconstriction causes the lumen of blood vessels to get ______. Vasodialation causes it to get _____. Which of these does cocaine usage induce?
- smaller
- Bigger
- Vasoconstriction
140
The _____ system is the organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, and nails).
Integumetnary
141
The _______system provides for vitamin D synthesis.
Integumentary
142
What percentage of skin is composed of water?
64%
143
True or false: As you age, the percent of water in the human body increases.
False
144
_____ glands are specialized areas of skin that allow animals to communicate.
Scent
145
What are three structures that derived initially from skin?
Hooves, teeth, Horn
146
Chesnuts on horse are located _____ to the knee on the front leg and _____ to the hock on the back leg. They are the reminant of the _____digit on the horse.
- Proximal
- Distal
- first
147
A horse stands on the _____ digit. The 2nd and 4th digit remnants are the _____ bones.
- third
| - splint
148
The ______ ______ is made of fibrous/fatty material that acts as a cushion for the coffin bone.
Digital cushion
149
______ refers to the front leg of a horse. It is the caudal side of the front leg, distal to the knee.
Palmar
150
______ refers to the hind leg. It is the caudal side of the hind leg, distal to the knee.
Plantar
151
What are the three joints, ordered most cranial to most caudal, in a horse? Which has the least movement?
- Fetlock, pastern, coffin
| - The pastern joint has the least movement
152
When a horse is galloping or jumping, the _____ joint almost touches the ground.
fetlock
153
_____ of bones means abnormal growth.
Sparring
154
The _____ of the horse is very locked in and strong so that the ______ bone doesn't wedge through since the stress is placed here.
- Toe
| - coffin
155
The ____ ____keeps the coffin bone in place and prevents it from pivoting.
Dorsal notch
156
The ____ ____ is a series of ligaments that lock joints in place and are how a horse sleeps standing up.
Stay Apparatus
157
How are capillaries layered in the skin? What layer are they found in?
-Layered horizontally in a plexus
158
What parts of the horse hoof are the first to touch the ground?
-The frog and the heel
159
The _____ makes up the majority of the surface area of the horse hoof.
Frog
160
The _____ of the horse hoof has no give, while the ____ has give and is a little elastic.
- Wall
| - Frog
161
The ____ and ___ squeeze the digital cushion laterally when pressure is applied.
- wall
| - Frog
162
What contains the frog?
The lateral cushion and hoof wall
163
What two changes happen to the epidermis to become the hoof?
1. Keratinization
| 2. Cornification
164
In becoming the hoof, what happens to the dermis?
It becomes vascularized with capillaries and is dark and red. This becomes the corium filled with capillaries.
165
What part of the epidermis becomes the hoof wall? What must happen for it to become the hoof wall? When does this happen?
- The Stratum corneum becomes the hoof wall
- It must become keratinized and cornified
- The dermis becomes a corium, then the epidermis becomes a hoof
166
_____ forms in the embryo, inducing the epidermis to change to the hoof wall.
Corium
167
The corium has primary and secondary _____. The lamina are called the ____ _____.
- lamina
| - White line
168
The ______ sits all around the base and sides of the bone in the hoof. It cushions between two hard surfaces.
Corium
169
The corium has an inner edge that is _____ and an outer edge with _____ projections. What do these projections do?
- smooth
- lamina
- Extend all the way through the hoof wall to hold the hoof in place
170
The corium has an inner edge that is _____ and an outer edge with _____ projections. What do these projections do?
- smooth
- lamina
- Extend all the way through the hoof wall to hold the hoof in place
171
Lining the top of the corium is the _____.
Corinet
172
Just underneath the insensitive lamina is what kind of lamina?
sensitive, corial, and soft lamina (three names for the same thing)
173
between the sensitive lamina and the hoof wall is what kind of lamina?
Insensitive/epidermal/hoof/hard lamina
174
What is the landmark in the hoof for knowing where the sensitive/insensitive areas are?
The white line
175
Just under the white line is what in the hoof?
laminar layer
176
Even toed undulates stand on which toes? Which toes are the dewclaws and which are gone?
- Stand on 3rd and 4th
- 2nd and 5th are dewclaws
- 1st toe is gone
177
Even toed undulates stand on which toes? Which toes are the dewclaws and which are gone?
- Stand on 3rd and 4th
- 2nd and 5th are dewclaws
- 1st toe is gone
178
True or False: The coffin bone and hoof capsule are unable to separate from each other.
False
179
When the hoof stats to "ski," what part is typically damaged?
The laminar layer, can cause corium to bleed
180
What causes the coffin bone to separate from the hoof wall?
Rotation
181
What is laminitis? What are other names for it? What is it called in Europe?
- Inflammation of the soft lamina
- Also called founder, which is rotation or skiing of the hoof
- Called white line disease in europe
182
What are two chemical and two physical causes of founder/laminitis?
Chemical: Grain or grass
Physical: Road or foot rot
183
How can grain causes laminitis/founder?
Too much grain can lower the pH of blood causing acidosis and laminitis
184
How can grass cause laminitis/founder?
Plants that have a lot of phytoestrogen can cause vasodilation in animals that aren't used to eating it. This causes increased blood flow, which can hurt the lamina
185
How can a road cause laminitis/founder?
Can cause the coffin bone to want to rotate, separating it from the hoof wall
186
How can foot rot cause laminitis/founder?
Anaerobic bacteria that like to live in the lamina damage the corial lamina and cause foot rot and laminitis
187
How can overmedication cause laminitis/founder?
Over medication can cause metabolic shock and increased blood flow
188
What does the deep digital flexor tendon have to do with laminitis?
This tendon pulls against the coffin bone to keep tension. As a last resort for laminitis, vets perform tenotomy, which is cutting this tendon, to relieve the pressure.
189
Which tendon constantly pulls against the coffin bone?
The deep digital flexor tendon
190
What is a sinker?
This is when there is nothing let of the coffin bone and the short pastern hits the hoof wall.
191
Is a sinker a chemical, mechanical, or physical causes of laminitis?
Mechanical
192
To form horns, the dermis changes to become a ______. This causes the outermost layer of the epidermis, the _____ _____, to _____.
- Corium
- Stratum corneum
- Cornify
193
Horns are cornified ____ ____.
Stratum corneum
194
The cornual (horn) process is an extension of what bone?
The frontal bone
195
What do you have to be careful of removing all of in dehorning?Why?
- The corium
| - If it is not all removed, it will continue to cause the stratum corneum to cornify and scurs will form
196
Horns are ______ while antlers are _____.
- Epidermal
| - Dermal (bone)
197
What happens to antlers during shedding/casting? when does this happen?
-The antlers are covered by a soft, velvety layer. This layer peels of, leaving only bone, and the antlers fall off. This happens in the winter
198
What do antlers help do for hearing?
They help funnel sound to the ear
199
What causes the antlers and velvet to grow on antlers?
Growth Hormone
200
What causes the velvet layer to shed off the antlers?
-Testosterone
201
Boone and Crockett vs Pope and Young is what?
A series of measurements to score antlers
202
The smallest lower antler has what three names? What is it labeled?
- Brow tine, brush tine, eye guards
| - G1
203
When teeth are forming, what invades the dermis?
The epidermis
204
What are odontoblasts?
cells in the dermis that secrete dentin when forming a tooth and move further from the basal lamina
205
What are ameloblasts?
cells in the epidermis that secrete enamel when forming a tooth and move further from the basal lamina
206
Teeth are developed from embryonic ____.
Skin
207
Skin in the gum is called _________.
Gingiva
208
What produces the enamel crown of a tooth?
pockets of epidermis that differentiated to ameloblasts
209
What produces the dentin of a tooth?
Dermis that differentiated and produced cementoblasts that secreted cementum and odonotblasts that secreted dentine
210
What is dental pulp made of?
Living connective tissue and odontoblasts
211
What are the two teeth categories and the four types of teeth?
Brachyodont: incisors and canines
Hypsodont: Premolars and molars
212
Premolars and molars are mainly made of ______.
Cementum
213
Brachyodont teeth are _____ shaped while Hypsodont teeth are _____ shaped.
- Diamond
| - Columnar
214
What is the alveolus? For teeth, what is mainly found here?
A socket in the bone
| -The roots
215
______ connects tooth root to the bone by ____ ___, a kind of ligament.
- Peridontium
| - Fibrous cords
216
What is the diastema?
The gap between the canines and premolars
217
When doing a calculation formula, what do you have to multiply by? Why?
- 2
| - The formula only shows numbers for one side of the mouth
218
The central nervous system includes what?
The brain and spinal cord
219
The peripheral nervous system includes what?
Everything outside the CNS
220
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
Sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
221
The _____ nervous system is the voluntary part of the PNS and the ______ nervous system in the involuntary part of the PNS
- Sensory-somatic
| - Autonomic
222
The autonomic nervous system is a part of the ___ nervous system. What are the two subivisions?
- Peripheral
| - Parasympathetic and sympathetic
223
In the embryo, what becomes the CNS?
The neural tube
224
Everything inside the neural tube becomes ______, and everything outside it becomes _______.
- CNS
| - PNS
225
What are the two kinds of nerves found in the PNS?
- Afferent (Sensory; send info to the CNS)
| - Efferent (Effector; send info away from the CNS to muscles generally)
226
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems both have only _____ nerves.
Efferent
227
The somatic nervous system has _____ neurons.
Motor
228
The nervous system is made up of ______.
Neurons
229
True or false: Body cells have a more negative charge than nerve cells and muscle cells.
False
230
What causes the stronger negative charge in nerve cells/muscle cells?
Na+/K+ pumps
231
Neurons can have an action potential, so they are _______.
Bioexcitable
232
_____ are bundles of axons in the PNS.
Nerves
233
_____ are the areas of a soma that has receptors for neurotransmitters.
Dendrites
234
What is found inside the soma of a neuron?
Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm, simply rough ER
235
Why are some neurons multipoloar?
They have many dendrites on the outside of the soma
236
The end opposite of the soma in a multipolar neuron are ____ ___.
Terminal Bulbs
237
What does it mean for nerves to be self propagating?
When an action potential starts in one spot, it travels down the neuron and to other cells in a wave-like motion
238
Why is salt important to neurons?
Action potentials involve Na+, Cl-, and K+, so animals must get these salts
239
In an afferent neuron, the soma is where? In an efferent neuron, the soma is where?
- Muscle/body (PNS)
| - Neural tube(CNS)
240
True or false: All nerves contain myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
True
241
What are the three layers of neurons from most cortical to most medullary?
-Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium
242
A _____neuron is a nerve that goes to the muscle.
Motor
243
What is saltatory conduction?
The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons
244
Myelinated neurons are composed of what kind of cells?
Schwann cells
245
What is myelin in myelinated axons?
An outer covering made of fatty tissue that acts as insulation and helps the action potential move faster
246
Inside a schwann cell is an _____, surrounded by _____.
- Axon
| - Myelin
247
True or false: Somas are myelinated
False
248
What is multiple sclerosis?
The immune system of teh body attacks myelin sheaths. Nerves in the white matter of the brain lose myelin and become gray lesions. Loss of myelin causes the axons to become slower and less functional.
249
Where are somas in the brain found? Where are axons found?
- Somas: Gray matter
| - Axons: White Matter
250
In the brain, white matter is _____ while gray matter is _____.
- Medullary
| - Cortical
251
A ____ is the junction between two neurons.
Synapse
252
______ is before the synapse, _____ means after the synapse.
- Presynatpic
| - Postsynaptic
253
What is the gap where neurotransmitters travel from terminal bulbs to receptors of dendrites?
Synapse
254
A ____ ____ is between a neuron and what it is effecting, such as a muscle cell.
Neuroeffector junction
255
What is it called where terminal bulbs attach to muscle?
Neuroeffector Junction
256
How can synapses be modified?
By how many neurotransmitters are released, by how many receptors there are on the post-synaptic side, and by blocking receptors
257
What flow out of terminal bulbs to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron?
Neurotransmitters
258
What are neurotransmitters stored in?
Synaptic vesicles
259
A synapse is a physical gap, while _____ bridge the gap.
Neurotransmitters
260
Dendrites on the post synaptic neuron have ______ to receive neurotransmitters
Receptors
261
True or false: Action potentials are unidirectional and only travel in one direction.
True
262
What does re-uptake mean for a neurotransmitter?
The neurotransmitters travel back to the terminal bulbs to stop AP firing
263
What is the most common neurotransmitter in the PNS?
Acetylcholine
264
GABA is a ______ neurotransmitter.
Inhibitory
265
What does acetylcholinesterase do?
Breaks down acetylcholine so that it may not bind to receptors
266
How many nerves are there on each side of the brain? What are these nerves called?
- 12
| - Crainal Nerves
267
What is the most common neurotransmitter in the CNS?
Glutamate, an amino acid
268
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are both a part of the _____.
CNS
269
The Vagus Nerve is a ______ nerve. It makes up _____% of the parasympathetic nervous system and innervates the _____.
- Cranial
- 75
- Heart
270
The vagus nerve is a _____ nerve that arises from the _____.
- Mixed
| - Medulla
271
In the spine, gray matter is _____ while white matter is ______.
- Medullary
| - Cortical
272
_____ cells line the central canal of the dorsal cavity and produce ______ ______.
- Epyndymal cells
| - Cerebrospinal fluid
273
Somatic motor neurons are specific to what kind of muscle?
Skeletal
274
The dorsal half of the spinal cord is ______ while the ventral half is _____.
- Sensory
| - Motor
275
Spinal nerves come out of each side of vertebra througg ____.
Foramen
276
What is the first thing to happen at a synapse?
Action potential causes neurotransmitter vesicle to fuse with the membrane
277
Spinal nerves innervate things in a ______ plane.
Transverse
278
What are dermatomes? What disease affects these?
- They are areas of skin innervated with sensory nerves
| - Shingles
279
What makes gray matter gray?
Somas of neurons
280
The ventral portion of the spinal cord has _____ nerves, while the dorsal side has _____.
- efferent
| - Afferent
281
What is it called where the dorsal and ventral root split?
Spinal Nerve Proper
282
True or false: Sensory neurons are multipolar.
False, they are pseudounipolar
283
Somas of sensory neurons are located in the ____ _____ ____ of the _____ nervous system.
- Dorsal Root Ganglion
| - Peripheral
284
_____ cells are cells in the skin that help sensory neurons.
Merkel
285
An afferent neuron is _____, while an efferent neuron is ______.
- pseudounipolar
| - multipolar
286
The ventral root is _______ only, and the dorsal root is ______ only
- efferent
| - afferent
287
Before the dorsal and ventral root, nerves are ______.
Mixed
288
How does chicken pox (a herpesvirus) lay dormant in the body?
-It lies in the somas of nerves in the dorsal root ganglion
289
True or False: In a reflex arc, the brain is alerted that an action needs to occur.
False, the brain is not involved
290
In a relfex arc, sensory information is processed at the level of the _______ _____ and not the ______.
- Spinal Cord
| - Brain
291
How many neurons and synapses are in a polysynaptic reflex arc? What are the neurons?
- 3 neurons (afferent, interneuron, and motor)
| - 2 synapses
292
A ______ connects two synapses in a polysynaptic reflex arc. It connects a _____ neuron to a ____ neuron.
Interneuron
| -Sensory to motor
293
90% of neurons in the body are ______.
Interneurons
294
______ _______ are presynaptic to an interneuron.
Sensory neurons
295
_____ _____ are postsynaptic to an interneuron.
Motor neurons
296
What does valium do?
It is a drug that enhances GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, to cause tranquilization and muscle relaxation. This is used as an anesthetic.
297
What is a divergent synaptic pathway?
There are more postsynaptic neurons than presynaptic
298
What is a convergent synaptic pathway?
There are more presynaptic neurons than postsynaptic
