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Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of anthropology

A

The science and study of people

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2
Q

4 subfields of anthropology

A

Cultural, linguistics, biological, archaeology

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3
Q

Aspects of Anthropology

A

 Holism- holistic approach to study people
 Global- the big picture
 Comparative- comparing one thing to another

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4
Q

Culture defined by Edward Tyler

A

Culture is that complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other customs and habits acquired by people as members of a society.

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5
Q

Text books definition of Culture

A

Material objects, ideas, values, etc., and behavior patterns all point to culture. Culture is everything we have, think, and do

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6
Q

Leslie White’s deffiniton of Culture

A

Culture is a man’s non-physical means of adaption.

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7
Q

Marvin Harris’ definition of culture

A

Culture is the total lifestyle of a group of people.

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8
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Not judging a culture based on your own cultural values

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9
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one culture is better than the rest.

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10
Q

Enculturation

A

The natural learning of your own culture

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11
Q

Etic approach

A

The outsider’s perspective of a culture

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12
Q

Emic approach

A

The insider’s perspective of a culture

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13
Q

Field techniques

A

Participant observation, casual interviews, formal interviews, focus groups, genealogies, special informants, life histories, mapping, census data, videos or pictures, household composition studies, proxemics, events analysis, network analysis.

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14
Q

Ethnography

A

The in-depth study of one culture

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15
Q

Ethnology

A

The science and study of culture.

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16
Q

Characteristics of culture

A

All-encompassing, learned, shared, symbolic, patterned, adaptive/maladaptive, influences biological processes, always changing, etc.

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17
Q

Applied anthropology definition

A

The application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to the solution of specific societal problems.

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18
Q

Nestle Baby Formula Controversy

A

Penny Van Esterik noticed that the death rates of infants in certain countries increased as the use of baby formula increased. Nestle was aggressively marketing their formula to third world countries.

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19
Q

Vicos Project

A

Cornell University bought a 10 year lease on the poorest plantation in Peru and tought the peasants how to run the plantation, understand bookkeeping, and provided them with equipment to run the plantation better. This plantation became the most productive plantation in the area. Cornell had government connections keep the other wealthy landowners from interfering with the Vicos.

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20
Q

Fox Indians

A

Saul tax noticed that the Fox Indians were very isolated and had a lot of prejudices against everyone else. Built a community center so that the craftsman could sell their stuff and show it to the surrounding people. Also put together festivals, and convinced the community colleges to create American Indian courses. Ultimately brought two communities Togeather, Native Americans and Whites

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21
Q

Payson Project

A

Gorge Esber noticed that the Apache Indians didn’t like the housing that the government built for them. He asked them how they would design a house by having them build a model one; all of the people surveyed had one thing in common: a front door into one large open space opposed to multiple small smaller rooms. So the government built housing then became more successful.

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22
Q

Native American Religion in Prison

A

Common alcoholic problem solving devices did not help Lakota prisoners in the local prison. Grobsmith convinced the prison to put in a sweat lodge so that the Indians could complete a cleansing ritual. Prisoners have to earn the right to participate in the rituals.

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23
Q

Green Revolution

A

The government wanted to come up with plants that would be more productive per unit of land (miracle rice, and wonder wheat). They gave some to Java, but the farmers had to buy a bunch of shit to make the stuff grow (fertilizers, insecticides, etc.), so it was expensive. The rich people bought up the fields and exported it instead of selling it to the local markets. Also, the chemicals used to make the rice grow leeched into the canals and killed off all the fish.

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24
Q

Zulu Women and Malnutrition

A

cultural taboo against women drinking milk from anyone’s cows except their father’s, therefore after maturing, women were becoming calcium deficient. So the women drank powdered milk to get their calcium

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25
Q

Brazilian Sisal Scheme

A

encouraged by the government, Farmers replaced their crops with Sisal plants because of the war, and after the war ended, the price for Sisal fiber dropped dramatically. The farmers had to work in factories and required 5k calories a day to meet their nutritional needs. The farmers had difficulty with buying enough food so the women and children became malnourished

26
Q

Nutritional Change in Tabasco Mexico

A

people were growing subsistence crops (corn, beans, squashes, peppers, cocoa beans, etc), and from the products they grew they made a drink called “pozol” which provided all their nutrients. Farmers began either selling or renting their land to oil farmers and buying their food rather than growing it and substituting “Pozol” with coke. The economy became a cash economy. The oil companies left after a while and the economy suffered.

27
Q

Intermediate (appropriate) technology

A

Not so high tech solutions for third world countries. EX: Instead of providing Indian people with tractors (no money for gas, no one to fix them), provide them with either more cattle, smaller machines, or slightly upgraded equipment (steel plow instead of wooden, bicycle)

28
Q

Anthropology Theory- Unilineal Evolutionism (Tyler, Morgan)

A

all cultures can be ranked along a scale/continuum and all have to go through different, universal stages of development. Some are faster or slower than others.

29
Q

Anthropology Theory
Diffusionism (culture circles)
(Smith and Perry, Graebner and Schmidt)

A

when two cultures come in contact with each other and share knowledge and ideas and characteristics through trade.

Smith and Perry believed all culture comes from Egypt

Graebner and Schmidt believe there are multiple “culture hubs” 3-5

30
Q

Anthropological Theory
(Franz Boaz and students)
American Historicism

A

challenged armchair anthropology and emphasized data (empirical approach). Is accused of being anti-theory/ hypothesis because he did not come up with any theories. Took an inductive approach (from general to specific) and frowned upon the deductive approach (specific to general)

31
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Malinowski)
Functionalism

A

Went to the Trobriand Islands right before WWII and became trapped on the islands for seven years. He observed the Kula Ring (a trading ring on several islands). The items that were traded were simple (shell jewelry) and included ceremonies. During the ceremonies, the women put food in the canoes. The Kula Ring was actually focused on the food rather than the jewelry, in a silent trade. The ceremonial exchange protected the food exchange. Every culture focuses on basic human needs.

32
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Radcliffe-Brown)
Structural Functionalism

A

Focus on the structure on society. What are the things the support the social system? EX: limits contact between the in-laws the limit conflict. Sometimes taken to the extreme.

33
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Merton)
Modern Functionalism

A

A lot of things in a civilization are dysfunctional, but have an explanation. Ex: the reason Christmas is celebrated in December instead of March.

34
Q

Manifest functions

A

Things that are done for obvious reasons.

35
Q

Latent Functions

A

Certain reasoning behind actions are hidden

36
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Margret Mead)
Psychological Anthropology

A

Compared USA, Japan, and France in how they cared for their children (swaddling or letting them move around). Thought that this influenced the type of personality the child would have. Also studied New Guinea: found that genders are culturally determined. In the American Samoa, attitudes toward sexuality were very open (while other countries were very conservative about it). There was also a lack of tempestuous teenage years (no angsty teenagers).

37
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Ruth Benedict)
Psychological Anthropology

A

The Kwakiutl Tribe: the Potlatch was a party where there was food and gifts and the chief would brag about himself, and then throw the leftover party shit into the fire

38
Q

Anthropology Theory (Edward Sapir) Psychological Anthropology

A

Every culture has different language categories in our brains.

39
Q

Anthropology Theory
(White)
Neoevolution

A

Interested in the interactions between the culture and the environment. Universal Evolution: Amount of energy harnessed per person per year

40
Q

Anthropology Theory
( Steward)
Multilinear Evolution

A

there are many different ways that cultures develop

41
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Levi Strauss)
French Structuralism

A

Everybody has similar brains and is hardwired in similar ways. Can’t prove or disprove his theories

42
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Murdock)
Statistical Cross Cultural Comparisons

A

Human relations area files: 300 different cultures, 77 different subjects.

43
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Marvin Harris)
Cultural Materialism

A

Focused on the materialistic aspects of culture (foods, resources, etc.) and leaving out the belief systems. The hard parts of culture.

44
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Clifford Geertz, Ruth Behar)
Post Modernism

A

Interpretive anthropology. The emic approach.

45
Q

Anthropology Theory
(Lamphere, Ortner, Rosaldo)
Feminist Anthropology

A

To fill in the gaps of anthropology. Lots of studies where women were left out.

46
Q

Grammar

A

Rules of a language

47
Q

Syntax

A

Sentence structure

48
Q

Semantics

A

the meaning behind language

49
Q

Phonemes

A

the sounds a language uses

50
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language

51
Q

Foraging, hunter & gatherers

A

Relies on food and plant substance in a natural, wild setting

52
Q

Horticulture

A

small scale crop cultivation characterized by the use of simple technology and absence of irrigation (ex. Yanomamo’s slash & burn)

53
Q

Agriculture

A

a form of food production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and soil treatment (ex. Aztecs)

54
Q

Pastorialism

A

relies mostly on domesticated animals for food source. (Ex. Nuer in the Himalayas relying on yacks) nomads and transhumance

55
Q

industrialism

A

a process transforming a culture from home made goods to large scale factory production (USA+Europe early 20th century)

56
Q

Carrying capacity

A

maximum number of people a given society can support, given available resources.

57
Q

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

A

that growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource (limiting factor)

58
Q

Limiting Factor

A

Lack of a resource in environment, causing population to decrease

59
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothosis

A

different linguistic structures produced different ways of viewing the world

60
Q

sociolinguistics

A

a branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language and culture are related and how language is used in different social contexts

61
Q

turtle people

A

miskito Indians
E. Nicaragua
-intensive fishing + Horticulture

High class food companies started paying the Miskito Indians for the turtles they caught. The culture went from a substance economy to a cash economy. Causing and bad chain of events because the men started to go father and farther away from home to catch turtles, for they became more scarce because the turtle population was declining. The females started to have to do heavy gardener work.

Anthropology (3 decks)

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