Exam 3

Question 0

Class

Answer 0

Group of people that have similar amounts of wealth, power, privileges, and access to resources (especially technology)

Question 1

Pasado

Answer 1

Latin American, Has passed through all “passages” in life

Question 2

power

Answer 2

control over energy and the ability to move and shape people and things

Question 3

exploitation

Answer 3

elites have luxuries at the expense of the commoners, depriving them of basic necessities and intensification and perpetuation of misery and poverty

Question 4

Pesesnts

Answer 4

structured subordinates that own close to nothing and usually work on farms of other people

Question 5

Ladino

Answer 5

Pure Spanish decent living in Bolivia, South America. Highest social class.

Question 6

“The Aymara: case study in social stratification”

Answer 6

A film comparing the two social classes of Bolivia, South America. showing how the middle class (Mstizos) looks down and exploits the lower class (Indians). The four aspects that separate the two classes are

• Language
• Health Care
• Religion
• Education

Question 7

Ascribed status

Answer 7

social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.

Question 8

Achieved Status

Answer 8

Social status that comes through talents, choices, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription.

Question 9

wealth

Answer 9

All a person’s material assets, including income, land, and other types of property; the basis of economic status.

Question 10

prestige

Answer 10

Esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary.

Question 11

Limited good concept

Answer 11

there is a limited amount of “good” to go around. In other words, the amount of good luck, money, etc. available is held to be finite, so every time one person profits, another loses.

Question 12

social mobility

Answer 12

the movement of individuals or groups in social standing social position. It may refer to classes, ethnic groups, or entire nations, and may measure health status, literacy, or educatio

Question 13

Natchez Indians

Answer 13

a Tribe where there are 3 different social classes, where all of the social classes will marry another social class causing “automatic social mobility”

Question 14

minority

Answer 14

sociological category within a demographic. Rather than a relational “social group”, as the term would indicate, the term refers to a category that is differentiated and defined by the social majority, that is, those who hold the majority of positions of social power in a society

Question 15

assimilation

Answer 15

when a group comes together with another, newcomers try to fit in with the dominant culture (melting pot theory)

Question 16

Religion

Answer 16

Belief in the supernatural

Question 17

Edward Taylor

Answer 17

Wrote about religions including animism and animatism(mana)

Defined culture as Unilineal evolutionism.

Question 18

Animism

Answer 18

a belief in supernatural beings or spirits that have personalities

Question 19

Animatism

Answer 19

an impersonal force, not inherently good or bad, but can be utilized for good or bad

Question 20

Magic

Answer 20

Belief in the attempt to manipulate the supernatural

Question 21

Shaman

Answer 21

A holy man, religious man, known to have the skills for healing or blessings. Only part time un like a prest

Question 22

Taboo

Answer 22

In society, it is something that is forbidden in a particular belief system

Question 23

Function of religion

Cognitive Function

Answer 23

Provides explanations for people; Death, Disease, Crop, Failures, Ect.

Question 24

Function of religion | Emotional Function

Answer 24

Coping with uncertainty or stress (before event) Prayers, rituals, Ect

Question 25

Function of religion | Maintaining Cultural values

Answer 25

Supporting goals, values, beliefs, and behavior of total society

Question 26

Function of religion | Social Control

Answer 26

Keeping society in order by making rules such as the 10 commandments. Monotheism common in stratifies societies; polytheism common in egalitarian societies

Question 27

Functions of Religion | Maintaining social distance

Answer 27

Keeps ethnic groups, classes, or castes separate and "in their own place"

Question 28

Functions of religion | Conflict resolution

Answer 28

When two people are fighting over something, and middle man can call upon what god wants them to do to resolve issue

Question 29

Functions of Religion | Group Solidarity

Answer 29

religious events drawing people together making the group more solid

Question 30

Functions of Religion | Maintaining ecological balance

Answer 30

helping restore ecological balance by having latent functions, practical side effects of religious practices Ex. Tsembaga pig rituals in New Guinea

Question 31

Revitalization Movement

Answer 31

occurs when there is a group within a state that is getting prosecuted which triggers a movement

Question 32

Ghost Dance

Answer 32

1840's Paiute-Wovoka (Nevada)- Made a dance that promoted things to go back to the old ways. Earth renewal, Bison would come back and white men would disappear. The Calvary guards misinterpreted this as a war dance. December of 1890 in Wounded Knee, S.D. Native Americans left the reservation to go hunting. Before the hunt they held a dance, there was an accidental weapons discharge when the Calvary Guards tried to retrieve their weapons. In the confusion, the Guards massacred the Native Americans

Question 33

Handsome Lake Religion

Answer 33

The Seneca Native Americans were going through rough times, a Indian by the name of Handsome Lake had a vision. It consisted of settling down and becoming famers, cutting alcohol, and improving family lives would make the tribe stronger. When putting this into practice it made people stronger. This did not get squashed.

Question 34

Christianity

Answer 34

Part of Judaism that was renewed buy Jesus Christ. Threatened the authority's of that day. Didn't get completely squashed however.

Question 35

Haitian Voodoo Rituals and Land Recirculation

Answer 35

big festivles for funerals, Add more detail!!!!!!!!

Question 36

Key Elements of Art

Answer 36

- Creative Play - Formal Structure - aesthetic feelings (emotional response) - Symbolic Transformation (communicates information - Technical skill

Question 37

Functions of Art

Answer 37

-Emotional Gratification -social integration Expression of reinforcement of cultural themes, Values, Beliefs, ect. -Social Control -Conflict resolution -Transmitting cultural and religious traditions to the next generation

Question 38

Culture Change | Invention and innovation

Answer 38

When a culture comes up with an Idea by its self

Question 39

Culture change | Diffusion

Answer 39

Gathering ideas for progression from other cultures through any sort of contact (trade, exploration, war, ect.)

Question 40

Social Stratification

Answer 40

the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group

Question 41

Caste

Answer 41

practiced in India, China, and Africa; much more rigid than social classes, there is no upward mobility

Question 42

Sex and age hierarchies

Answer 42

differentials based on sex and age. Exists even in bands.

Question 43

Power

Answer 43

control over energy and the ability to move and shape people and things

Question 44

Ruling Class

Answer 44

at the top levels of society and make up a small percentage of the population

Question 45

•Commoners

Answer 45

at the bottom levels of society and make up a large portion of the population.

Question 46

Racial, ethnic, and cultural minorities -

Answer 46

a distinct group that coexists with, but is subordinate to a more dominant group. They can (and usually) work their way up in the system.

Question 47

Pluralism

Answer 47

cultural differences don’t have to be repressed, diversity is more accepted (salad bowl theory)

Question 48

Limited good

Answer 48

all of the goods in the world are fixed quantities and in short supply. Any gain or loss of a limited good was accomplished at the expense or benefit of another.

Question 49

Protestant work ethic

Answer 49

the opposite of the limited good concept

Question 50

Upward mobility

Answer 50

the ability to change our social class in an upward direction.

Question 51

Mana

Answer 51

an impersonal supernatural force, in habiting certain people or things that is believed to confer power, strength and success.

Question 52

Sacred contexts

Answer 52

church, mosque, temple, etc

Question 53

Profane contexts

Answer 53

Common meeting places

Question 54

Rites of passage-

Answer 54

ceremonies that celebrate the transition of a person from one social status to another. 3 phases, separation, transition, and incorporation.

Question 55

Rites of solidarity-

Answer 55

ceremonies performed for the sake of enhancing social integrations among groups of people.

Question 56

Individualistic religion-

Answer 56

the least complex type of religious organization in which each person in his/her own religious specialist. Plains Indians.

Question 57

Shamanistic religion-

Answer 57

part time religious specialists (shaman) intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients. Tibet, Siberia, Mongolia.

Question 58

Communal religion-

Answer 58

groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well being of the total community. China, Aborigines of Australia.

Question 59

Ecclesiastical religion-

Answer 59

highly complex organizations in which full time clergy are employed. Organized, hierarchal rules and standards. Aztecs, Incas, Greeks, Egyptians.

Question 60

Sorcery-

Answer 60

the performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people

Question 61

Witchcraft-

Answer 61

the practice of an inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people.

Question 62

Supreme gods in state-level societies-

Answer 62

reinforces the idea that some cultural religious are hierarchal.

Question 63

Revitalization movements-

Answer 63

religious movements designed to bring about a new way of life within a society. Ghost dance (Wounded Knee), Handsome Lake.

Question 64

Cargo cult-

Answer 64

revitalization movements in Malaysia intended to bring new life and purpose into a society.

Question 65

Sacred cows in India-

Answer 65

cows are valuable and needed for farming, and their droppings are very useful for fuel and building materials. Taboos keep people from eating them.

Question 66

Jewish/ Muslim pork taboo-

Answer 66

pigs are considered unclean, contain bacteria, and take up a lot of resources, so a taboo keeps people from eating them.

Question 67

Voodoo funeral practices

Answer 67

funerals require a large parade, which requires money. So people sell land with hopes to buy it back (like a pawn shop). Land gets redistributed so no one accumulates large pieces of land

Question 68

Aztec cannibalism

Answer 68

nutritional hypothesis. They ate people because food was scarce.

Question 69

Formal structure-

Answer 69

there is a structure in any different time in any culture that determines what art is.

Question 70

Aesthetic feelings-

Answer 70

emotional response from both the artist and the people viewing the art

Question 71

Art is linked to technology-

Answer 71

many things have been invented that have to do with art. EX: the invention of the harp from a bow and arrow.

Question 72

Non-western cultures and art-

Answer 72

includes crafts and practical items, stresses continuity of art styles and traditions through time, and artist/art are seen as part of everyday life (not separated in concert halls and museums)

Question 73

Alan Lomax’s theory of musical/ dance complexity and subsistence levels-

Answer 73

the subsistence level of a group correlates with the complexity or lack thereof of a particular group

Question 74

Levi Strauss’ concept of binary contrasts-

Answer 74

art reinforces the theory that humans think in binary contrasts (good vs. evil, man vs. woman, etc.)

Question 75

Ethnomusicology

Answer 75

the use of symbols in art to reinforce other aspects of culture (politics, religion etc.).

Question 76

Invention

Answer 76

a new combination of existing cultural features

Question 77

Innovation

Answer 77

change brought about by the recombination of already existing items within a culture.

Question 78

Diffusion

Answer 78

the spreading of a cultural trait (a material object, idea, or behavior pattern) from one society to another.

Question 79

Diffusion- | Selectivity

Answer 79

not every cultural item is exchanged. Exchange depends on the item’s utility and compatibility with already existing cultural traits.

Question 80

Diffusion- | Reciprocity

Answer 80

diffusion is a two-way, reciprocal process; cultural traits are diffused in both directions

Question 81

Diffusion- | Modification

Answer 81

once a cultural element is accepted into a new culture, it may undergo changes in form or function.

Question 82

Diffusion- | Likelihood

Answer 82

some parts of culture are more likely to diffuse than others.

Question 83

Acculturation

Answer 83

a specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture.

Question 84

Linked changes

Answer 84

changes in one part of a culture brought about by changes in other parts of the culture.

Question 85

Multiculturalism

Answer 85

a public policy philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in society.

Question 86

World system theory

Answer 86

the idea that differences in economic development may be explained by the exploitation of the poor by the rich nations of the world

Question 87

Modernization theory

Answer 87

the idea that differences in economic development may be explained by inherent sociocultural differences between the rich and the poor. Modern nations are associated with behaviors such as planning ahead for the future, efficient work schedules, keeping track of time, advanced technology, low birth and death rates, etc.

Question 88

Cultures operate as whole systems or organic wholes

Answer 88

change in one part may negatively affect another part so change is sometimes rejected.

Question 89

Impact of European colonialism

Answer 89

European colonization began globalization, but the indigenous populations paid a high price.

Question 90

Neo-colonialism

Answer 90

process of developed nations continuing to exert economic, political, and military influence over less developed countries, even though the official period of colonization ended in the 1960’s

Question 91

Multinational corporations

Answer 91

large corporations that have economic operations in a number of different countries throughout the world; their resources may be greater than the gross national products of independent nations.

Question 92

Negative effects on native people of economic growth and development

Answer 92

```  Increase of civilizational diseases  Increase of bacterial and parasitic infections  Increase of nutritionally related diseases  Increase of poor dental health  Population growth  Loss of indigenous peoples  The study of complex societies  The spread of infectious disease ```

Question 93

applied anthropology to solve problems

Answer 93

* Participant observation * Holistic approach * Avoiding ethnocentrism