Exam 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Reticular Theory (who and what)
A
Camillo Golgi, nervous system is a bunch of continuous fibers (no synapses)
2
Q
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
A
The Neuron Doctrine. Disproved reticular theory, found synapses
3
Q
Input Zone
A
Dendrites, cell body in Multipolar and bipolar neurons. Receive info
4
Q
Integration Zone
A
Axon hillock, where action potentials arise (decision to make neural signal is made)
5
Q
Conduction Zone
A
Info transmitted through axon. In Unipolar neuron, the cell body is here
6
Q
Output Zone
A
Axon terminals, transfer of info to other cells
7
Q
Afferent transmission
A
Input. Sensory info
8
Q
Efferent transmission
A
Output. Motor
9
Q
Glial cell that provides structural support and nutrients to neurons
A
Astrocyte
10
Q
Glial cell that myelinates CNS neurons
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Oligodendrocyte
11
Q
Glial cell that removes debris from injured or dead cells
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Microglia
12
Q
Glial cell that myelinates PNS neurons
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Schwann cell
13
Q
Gray matter
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Cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. Processing
14
Q
White Matter
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Myelinated axons. Info transport
15
Q
Corpus callosum
A
White matter connecting hemispheres for communication
16
Q
Group of neurons in cns
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Nucleus
17
Q
Group of neurons in pns
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Ganglion
18
Q
Region involved in working memory, thinking, executive control, behavioral inhibition
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Frontal lobe
19
Q
Region involved in Visuospatial processing and somatosensory processing
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Parietal lobe
20
Q
Region of parietal lobe involved in somatosensory processing
A
Postcentral gyrus
21
Q
Region of frontal lobe involved in motor control
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Precentral gyrus
22
Q
Cerebellum
A
A LOT of neurons. Motor control
23
Q
Region involved in auditory and visual processing, along with memory
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Temporal lobe, hippocampus is the memory portion
24
Q
Hormones and homeostasis region
A
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
25
Sensory relay region. Receives instructions from cortex to ctrl which sensory info is transmitted
Thalamus
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Caudal to thalamus, small region involved in vision
Superior colliculi
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Caudal to thalamus, small region involved in audition
Inferior colliculi
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VERY Multipolar neuron for a lot of communication and excitability
Pyramidal neuron
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Brain system that filters bad material out and acts as a medium for exchange between blood vessels and brain tissue. 3 openings let CSF cover surface of brain and spinal cord. Also shock absorber
Ventricular system. Lateral-3rd-4th. Lateral ventricle touches all four lobes
30
Difference between tracts and nerves
Tracts are inside brain. As soon as neuron enters brain it becomes a tract
31
Hogan twins are joined at which brain structure
Thalamus. They can experience each others sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts
32
Brain system critical for emotion and learning
Limbic system HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA IS BIG PART
33
What was removed from patient HM? Same brain structure that dies first during suffocation (ten second tom)
Hippocampus
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Limbic system component involved in fear emotion and aggression
Amygdala
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What is lesioned in patient sm that causes her not to have a sense of fear or social norms
Amygdala
36
Brain system involved in motor control- gray matter
Basal ganglia
37
Create and release dopamine- basal ganglia- parkinsons
Substantia nigra
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Cranial nerve I and function
Olfactory- smell
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Cranial nerve Ii and function
optic vision
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Cranial nerve III
oculomotor keep eyelids from droop
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Cranial nerve IV and function
Trochlear allow eyes to cross
42
Cranial nerve v and function
Trigeminal jaw control and facial teeth and sinus sensory info
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Cranial nerve VI and function
Abducens lateral movement of eyes
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Cranial nerve VII and function
Facial 2/3 of taste and makes emotional faces
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Cranial nerve VIII and function
Vestibulocochlear hearing
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Cranial nerve IX and function
Glossopharyngeal swallowing 1/3 of taste
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Cranial nerve X and function
Vagus slows heart beat and is in charge of sensory motor ctrl of internal organs
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Cranial nerve XI and function
Spinal Accessory shrug
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Cranial nerve XII and function
Hypoglossal tongue muscles help in swallowing
50
Type of viewing technique that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA
Nissl stain
51
Anterograde labeling
Uses radioactive molecules taken up by the cell body and then transported to the axon terminals
52
Retrograde labeling
uses horseradish peroxidase HRP which is taken up in the axon terminals. Backtracks flow of info
53
Diffusion tensor imaging DTI
measures water diffusion patterns to determine white matter structure
54
Phrenology
BAD measures bumps in skull. Bigger bumps in people show more brain in that area. People good at language have big bump in a certain part of the skull
55
Brocas area
Left frontal lobe. Area for speech production
56
Stereotaxic surgery
Enables researchers to create precise lesions guided by 3D adjustable arms and stereotaxic brain atlas
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TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION tms
Magnetic fields temporarily disrupt brain activity in specific region and observe effects
58
Positron emission tomography PET
uses radioactive chemicals to determine brain activity in certain areas when person is exposed to stimulus
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Functional MRI fMRI
Measures blood oxygenation over time as an index of brain activity. Good for instant studies
60
Electroencephalography
Good for over time studies
61
Neurophysiology
Measures electrical activity of individual cells or groups of cells in a specific brain region
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Somatic nervous system
Motor control and feeling
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Autonomic nervous system- sympathetic
Fight or flight. Norepinephrine
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Autonomic nervous system parasympathetic
Rest and destress acetylcholine
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Why use squid axon?
Can see with naked eye. Invertebrate neurons are not myelinated so axons must be larger to send fast potentials. Diameter is important
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How fast are action potentials
Less than 1000tthh ooh a second
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Is the inside of the axon more negative or positive
Negative
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Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: ions spread out down concentration gradient
Diffusion
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Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: opposite polarities attract, negative charge pulls in pos charge
Electrostatic force
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Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: cell chooses what can come in
Selective membrane permeability
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Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: 2 in, 3 out
Na+-K+ pump
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4 types of ion channels important for action potential generation
Na-K pump Open K+ channels Voltage-gated Na+ channels voltage gated K+ channels
73
Relative Refractory period
CAused By Hyperpolarization Resulting from Potassium leaving axon. actionPotential can be produced with additional depolarization
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ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
Caused By closure of sodium channels. Action potentials can not be produced during this period
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RATE Coding
higher depolarization only means More action potentials, NOT Stronger action potentials
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What is the refractory period for
Stops potential from going backward
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Tetrodotoxin
blocks voltage gated Na+ channels So action potentials can't be sent causing paralysis
78
Scorpions give Na+ channel agonists so....
Causes a lot of action potentials & seizures
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Tetanus
Prevents Sodium channel inactivation
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Otto Loewi frog heart experiment proves
CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
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What does curare and Bungarotoxin do to receptors
Binds to Ach receptor Site as an antagonist. No response, paralyze,
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Event Related potentials
Patient exposed to stimulus (word or Something ) repeatedly and *takes average brainwaves from all runs
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optogenetics
some ion channels respond to light stimulus a0 try to infect people with it for treatment
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ACh in CNS function
Learning and memory
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ACh in PNS function
Motor ctrl. Muscular action potentials cause contraction
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ACh related neurocognitive disease
Alzheimer's
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Ionotropic ACh receptor (excitatory or inhibitory)
Nicotinic, excitatory
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Metabotropic ACh receptor (excitatory or inhibitory)
Muscarinic, both
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Major CNS acetylcholine route for learning and memory
Medial septal nucleus to fornix to HIPPOCAMPUS
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Major ach route in brain for motor ctrl
Nucleus on brainstem to cerebellum
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Norepinephrine role in CNS.
Attention mood arousal
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Norepinephrine receptors metabotropic or ionotropic
Metabotropic
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Serotonin function
Modulates mood, anxiety, sleep, sexual behavior
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SSRI
antidepressants selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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Ach quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid
Quaternary amine
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Dopamine quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid
Monoamine
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Norepinephrine quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid
Monoamine
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Serotonin and melatonin quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid
Monoamine
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GABA and glutamate quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid
Amino acid
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Mesostriatal pathway
Motor ctrl. Dopamine from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen (BASAL GANGLIA)
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Mesolimbocortical pathway
Dopamine from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens. REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT. LIMBIC SYSTEM.
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What activities can stimulate reward system in mesolimbocortical pathway
Drugs of abuse, sex, shopping, games, exercise, gambling
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Antipsychotics-Typical neuroleptics
Schiz treatment. Only targeted positive symptoms ie hallucinations
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Antipsychotics- Atypical neuroleptics
Schizophrenia treatment targets both positive symptoms (hallucinations) and negative symptoms (social withdrawal)
105
Anxiolytics
GABA receptor agonists
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What do amphetamine and cocaine have in common
Both stimulants, both block reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters
107
Amphetamine Stimulates the release and blocks the reuptake of
Dopamine and norepinephrine
108
Nicotine is an agonist of what neurotransmitter
ACh, addictive properties come from activation in ventral tegmental area (reward system in mesolimbocortical pathway). Very potent- 1 dig can cover 80% of receptors
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What type of ligand is caffeine and what does it effect
Competitive antagonist of adenosine autoreceptors that inhibit the release of dopamine and the epinephrines
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Naloxone is an inverse agonist of
Opioids. Can counter overdose and is used to treat addiction
111
What do Endocannabinoids do that goes against the nature of an axon
Act as retrograde messengers that may modulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release
112
Cannabinoids. CB1 agonist impairs
Learning
113
LSD affects what neurotransmitter
Serotonin, agonist of serotonin receptor 5HT2A which is found in the visual cortex (inducing hallucinations)
114
Alcohol activates what receptors
GABAa, producing inhibition. Also stimulates dopamine pathways (buzz)
115
How does alcohol affect neural degradation
Increases it by poor diet- thiamine deficiency- already have enough calories from booze
116
Metabolic tolerance
Metabolic organs become more efficient at eliminating drug before it has effect
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Functional tolerance
Target structures of drugs become less sensitive to drug. Up and down regulation
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Cross tolerance
Use of a drug leads to tolerance of similar drugs as well
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Moral model of addicition
Addict has lack of self ctrl
120
Disease model of addiction
Addict requires medical treatment. Inherited
121
Physical dependence model of addiction
People use drugs to avoid withdrawal
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Positive reward model of addiction
Drugs super stimulate reward circuitry
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Pheromone vs allomone
Pheromone is communication between members of same species through chemicals, allomone is between other species
124
Vasopressin
From posterior pituitary, promotes water retention by inhibiting urination, also promotes monogamous mating in prairie voles
125
Membranous hormone receptors interact with what types of hormones
Amine and protein. Amines can also attach to transporters to bring the amine into cell
126
What hormones can easily diffuse across cell membrane and enter nucleus
Steroid (cholesterol derivatives)
127
Pineal gland hormone function
Reproductive maturation and body rhythms
128
Anterior pituitary hormone functions
Growth. Targets thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads for hormone secretion
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Thyroid function
Growth and development, metabolic rate
130
Posterior pituitary hormone functions
Water balance, salt balance, milk letdown
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Adrenal cortex function
Salt (Aldosterone) and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory reactions
132
Adrenal medulla function
Emotional arousal. Receives direct neural input, making FAST fight or flight response
133
Pancreas function (islets of Langerhans)
Sugar metabolism
134
Posterior pituitary made of what tissue
Neural, does not produce its own hormones. Just a route to capillaries from hypothalamus
135
Anterior pituitary made of what tissue
Glandular, makes own hormones triggered by hypothalamus hormones through capillaries
136
Releasing hormones
Produced in hypothalamus, control release of tropic hormones in anterior pituitary
137
Tropic hormones
Produced in anterior pituitary, affect secretion of other endocrine glands
138
Psychosocial dwarfism
Stress reduces production of growth hormone, can be reversed when stress is alleviated
139
Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans
Emit Glucagon. Liver converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into bloodstream. Increases blood sugar
140
Beta cells of islets of Langerhans
Emit insulin. Liver stores glucose as glycogen, other cells increase consumption of glucose . Decreases blood sugar
141
Type I diabetes
Immune system destroys Beta cells, no insulin produced
142
Type II diabetes
Reduced responsivity to insulin in cells that require insulin for glucose absorption
