Exam 1

Question 1

Biopsychosocial model of illness and advantages/disadvantages

Answer 1

The view that biological, psychological, and social factors are all involved in any given state of health or illness.
Arose from Freud’s work on conversion hysteria (unconscious conflicts lead to physical disturbances)
Useful clinically
A: Macrolevel and Microlevel (broader scope), emphasizes both health and illness, more integrative

Question 2

Biomedical model of illness and advantages/disadvantages

Answer 2

The viewpoint that illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic processes and that psychological and social processes are largely independent of the disease process; the dominant model in medical practice until recently
A: Simple, Direct, has prompted much medical progress
D: Reduces illness to micro-level processes like disordered cells and chemical imbalances (Reductionist model), fails to recognize social and psychological influences, emphasizes illness over health, cannot explain some puzzles

Question 3

Health

Answer 3

The absence of disease or infirmity, coupled with a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being; health psychologists recognize health to be a state that is actively achieved rather than the mere absence of illness.

Question 4

Illness

Answer 4

Substandard state of health

Question 5

Focuses of health psychology

Answer 5

Health promotion and maintenance
Prevention and treatment of illness
Etiology and correlates of health, illness, and dysfunction
Improve the health care system and the formulation of health policy

Question 6

Patient-centered medical home

Answer 6

Allows for collaboration among providers from a variety of specialties to care for the overall health and wellness of patients rather than simply addressing biological or physical concerns alone

Question 7

Etiology

Answer 7

Origins or causes of illness

Question 8

Psychosomatic medicine

Answer 8

A field within psychiatry, related to health psychology, that developed in the early 1900s to study and treat particular diseases believed to be caused by emotional conflicts, such as ulcers, hypertension, and asthma. The term is now used more broadly to mean an approach to health-related problems and diseases that examines psychological as well as somatic origins.

Question 9

Acute disorders

Answer 9

Illnesses or other medical problems that occur over a short time, that are usually the result of an infectious process, and that are reversible.
Tuberculosis, pneumonia, influenza, measles
Declining prevalence

Question 10

Chronic illnesses

Answer 10

Illnesses that are long lasting and usually irreversible.
Increasing prevalence
Heart disease, cancer, respiratory diseases

Question 11

Chronic illnesses

Answer 11

Illnesses that are long lasting and usually irreversible.
Increasing prevalence
Heart disease, cancer, respiratory diseases
Often caused by psychological and social factors and cause problems socially and psychologically in return; have helped spawn field of health psych.

Question 12

Theory

Answer 12

A set of interrelated analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors.

Question 13

Experiment

Answer 13

A type of research in which a researcher randomly assigns people to two or more conditions, varies the treatments that people in each condition are given, and then measures the effect on some response.

Question 14

Randomized clinical trials

Answer 14

A target treatment is compared against the existing standard of care or a placebo control, that is, an organically inert treatment.

Question 15

Evidence-based medicine

Answer 15

Medical interventions go through rigorous testing and evaluation of their benefits before they become the standard of care, usually through randomized clinical trials.

Question 16

Gold standard of health psychology research

Answer 16

Experiments and randomized clinical trials

Question 17

Gold standard of health psychology research

Answer 17

Experiments and randomized clinical trials

Question 18

Correlational research

Answer 18

Measuring two variables and determining whether they are associated with each other. Studies relating smoking to lung cancer are correlational, for example.
Disadvantage: hard to determineq direction of causality
Advantage: More adaptable than experiments

Question 19

Prospective research

Answer 19

Looks forward in time to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two variables changes over time
Can be experimental or correlational

Question 20

Longitudinal research

Answer 20

Type of prospective study in which the same people are observed at multiple points in time

Question 21

Retrospective designs

Answer 21

Look backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation

Question 22

Epidemiology

Answer 22

The study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population

Question 23

Morbidity

Answer 23

The number of cases of a disease that exist at a given point in time; it may be expressed as the number of new cases (incidence) or as the total number of existing cases (prevalence).

Question 24

Mortality

Answer 24

The number of deaths due to particular causes.

Question 25

Meta-analysis

Answer 25

Combines results from different studies to identify how strong the evidence is for particular research findings

Question 26

10 Major Systems of Body

Answer 26

``` Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Renal Reproductive Immune *Muscular *Skeletal ```

Question 27

Nervous System

Answer 27

The system of the body responsible for the transmission of information from the brain to the rest of the body and from the rest of the body to the brain; it is composed of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (which consists of the remainder of the nerves in the body) Peripheral is somatic and autonomic

Question 28

Sympathetic NS

Answer 28

Mobilizes the body for action.

Question 29

Parasympathetic NS

Answer 29

Responsible for vegetative functions, the conservation of energy, and the damping down of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 30

Medulla

Answer 30

Regulates HR, BP, and Respiration

Question 31

Pons

Answer 31

Link between hind and midbrain and helps with respiration

Question 32

Cerebellum

Answer 32

Coordinates voluntary muscle movement, balance and equilibrium, and muscle tone/posture

Question 33

Hindbrain

Answer 33

Pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 34

Midbrain

Answer 34

Sensory and motor impulse pathway | Coordinates visual and auditory reflexes

Question 35

Forebrain

Answer 35

Thalamus and hypothalamus | Cerebral cortex

Question 36

Thalamus

Answer 36

Recognition of sensory stimuli and relay of sensory impulses to cortex

Question 37

Hypothalamus

Answer 37

Regulates heart function, BP, respiration, water balance, and appetites

Question 38

Cerebral cortex

Answer 38

Largest part of brain Higher order intelligence, memory, personality 4 lobes

Question 39

Frontal lobe

Answer 39

Motor cortex (voluntary movement)

Question 40

Parietal lobe

Answer 40

Somatosensory cortex

Question 41

Temporal lobe

Answer 41

Auditory and olfactory

Question 42

Occipital

Answer 42

Visual

Question 43

Limbic system

Answer 43

Important in stress and emotional responses. | Amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, hypothalamus

Question 44

Amydala

Answer 44

Detection of threat

Question 45

Catecholamines

Answer 45

Epinephrine and norepinephrine Prompted by stimulation of NS Promote sympathetic stimulation HR increase, vessels constrict except around heart, BP increases, blood diverted to muscles, respiration increases, more air into lungs, digestion and urination decrease, pupils dilate, sweat produced

Question 46

Diathesis-stress model

Answer 46

The diathesis-stress model takes both genetic predispositions /situational factors (diatheses) and lifestyle choices (stresses) into account in order to conceptualize the risk a certain individual may have for developing a certain disorder. According to the diathesis-stress model, both genes AND environment are important in determining disease risks.

Question 47

Health behaviors

Answer 47

Behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health, such as exercise or the consumption of a healthy diet.

Question 48

Health habit (7 Major)

Answer 48

A health-related behavior that is firmly established and often performed automatically, usually developed in childhood Can be highly resistant to change Sleeping 7-8 hours a night, not smoking, eating breakfast, no more than 1-2 alcoholic drinks each day, regular exercise, not eating between meals, being no more than 10% overweight

Question 49

Health promotion

Answer 49

A general philosophy maintaining that health is a personal and collective achievement; the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. Health promotion may occur through individual efforts, through interaction with the medical system, and through a concerted health policy effort

Question 50

Teachable moment

Answer 50

The idea that certain times are more effective for teaching particular health practices than others; pregnancy constitutes a teachable moment for getting women to stop smoking; the time after a negative consequence is a teachable moment

Question 51

Health Belief Model

Answer 51

A theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by: 1) knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and 2) the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat. Con: leaves out idea of self-efficacy; that one can control their own behavior

Question 52

Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 52

A person's behavioral intentions and behaviors can be understood by knowing 1) the person's attitudes toward the behavior, 2) subjective norms regarding the behavior, and 3) perceived behavioral control over that action

Question 53

Theory

Answer 53

A set of interrelated analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors.

Question 54

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

Answer 54

An analysis of the health behavior change process that draws on the stages and processes people go through in order to bring about successful long-term behavior change. Stages include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Often a cycle Successful attitude or behavior change at each stage depends on the appropriateness of the intervention. For example, attitude change materials help move people from pre-contemplation to contemplation, whereas relapse prevention techniques help move people from action to maintenance.

Question 55

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 55

Getting people to work through ambivalence they experience about changing health behaviors Nonjudgmental, nonconfrontational, encouraging, supportive No persuasion

Question 56

Ambivalence

Answer 56

Having mixed feelings about something

Question 57

Health locus of control

Answer 57

The perception that one's health is under personal control; is controlled by powerful others, such as physicians; or is determined by external factors, including chance.

Question 58

Health locus of control

Answer 58

The perception that one's health is under personal control; is controlled by powerful others, such as physicians; or is determined by external factors, including chance.

Question 59

Self-determination theory

Answer 59

The theory that 1) autonomous motivation and 2) perceived competence are fundamental to behavior change.

Question 60

Fear appeals

Answer 60

Efforts to change attitudes by arousing fear to induce the motivation to change behavior; fear appeals are used to try to get people to change poor health habits

Question 61

Fear appeals

Answer 61

Efforts to change attitudes by arousing fear to induce the motivation to change behavior; fear appeals are used to try to get people to change poor health habits Not very effective

Question 62

Fear appeals

Answer 62

Efforts to change attitudes by arousing fear to induce the motivation to change behavior; fear appeals are used to try to get people to change poor health habits Not very effective

Question 63

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Answer 63

Most effective approach to health habit modification The use of principles from learning theory to modify the cognitions and behaviors associated with a behavior to be modified; cognitive-behavioral approaches are used to modify poor health habits, such as smoking, poor diet, and alcoholism Emphasizes self-control

Question 64

Self-monitoring

Answer 64

Includes discriminating the target behavior and charting the behavior

Question 65

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 65

Capable of eliciting target behavior Signals a positive reinforcement is about to occur Eliminated or modified by CBT

Question 66

Stimulus-control interventions

Answer 66

Interventions designed to modify behavior that involve the removal of discriminative stimuli that evoke a behavior targeted for change and the substitution of new discriminative stimuli that will evoke a desired behavior.

Question 67

Cognitive restructuring

Answer 67

A method of modifying internal monologues in stress-producing situations; clients are trained to monitor what they say to themselves in stress-provoking situations and then to modify their cognitions in adaptive ways

Question 68

Self-reinforcement

Answer 68

Systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease target behavior

Question 69

Contingency contracting

Answer 69

A procedure in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist, detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a target behavior.

Question 70

Behavioral assignments

Answer 70

Home practice activities that clients perform on their own as part of an integrated therapeutic intervention for behavior modification

Question 71

Social skills training

Answer 71

Techniques that teach people how to relax and interact comfortably in social situations; often a part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that maladaptive health behaviors, such as alcohol consumption or smoking, may develop in part to control social anxiety.

Question 72

Assertiveness training

Answer 72

Techniques that train people how to be appropriately assertive in social situations; often included as part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that some poor health habits, such as excessive alcohol consumption or smoking, develop in part to control difficulties in being appropriately assertive

Question 73

Abstinence violation effect

Answer 73

A feeling of loss of control that results when one has violated self-imposed rules, such as not to smoke or drink.

Question 74

Lifestyle rebalancing

Answer 74

Concerted lifestyle change in a healthy direction, usually including exercise, stress management, and a healthy diet; believed to contribute to relapse prevention after successful modification of a poor health habit, such as smoking or alcohol consumption

Question 75

Set point theory of weight

Answer 75

The concept that each individual has an ideal biological weight that cannot be greatly modified.

Question 76

Yo-yo dieting

Answer 76

The process of chronically alternating between dieting and regular eating, leading to successive weight gains and losses; over time, yo-yo dieters increase their chances of becoming obese by altering their underlying metabolism.

Question 77

Stress

Answer 77

Appraising events as harmful, threatening, or challenging, and assessing one's capacity to respond to those events; events that are perceived to tax or exceed one's resources are seen as stressful.

Question 78

Three aspects of stress

Answer 78

Stressful stimulus Stressful response Interaction between 2

Question 79

Stressful stimulus

Answer 79

Event or situation outside of the individual that causes a response from the individual

Question 80

Stressful response

Answer 80

Reaction by an individual to the stimulus that can be characterized as emotional, physiological, biochemical, cognitive and/or behavioral.

Question 81

3 primary stress models

Answer 81

Fight or flight model General adaptation syndrome Transactional model

Question 82

Fight or flight

Answer 82

A response to a threat in which the body is rapidly aroused and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system to attack or flee a threatening stimulus; the response was first described by Walter Cannon in 1932.

Question 83

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 83

Developed by Hans Selye, a profile of how organisms respond to stress; 3 phases: a nonspecific mobilization phase, which promotes sympathetic nervous system activity; a resistance phase, during which the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat; and an exhaustion phase, which occurs if the organism fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources Cons: does not account for psychological factors

Question 84

Diseases of adaptation

Answer 84

Asthma, ulcers, etc.

Question 85

Transactional model

Answer 85

Focuses on the relationship between environmental stimulus and individual response Proposes two appraisal processes: primary and secondary appraisal

Question 86

Primary appraisal

Answer 86

The perception of a new or changing environment as beneficial, neutral, or negative in its consequences; believed to be a first step in stress and coping.

Question 87

Secondary appraisal

Answer 87

The assessment of one's coping abilities and resources and the judgment as to whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat, or challenge of a new or changing event.

Question 88

5 dimensions of stressful events

Answer 88

``` Salient (Events occurring in central, important domains in life; areas where one devotes energy and derives a sense of self) Negative (Events perceived as undesired and to be escaped or avoided if possible) Uncontrollable Ambiguity (Events that cannot readily be identified as positive or negative or otherwise understood in terms of scope and required resource) Overload ```

Question 89

Tend and befriend

Answer 89

A theory of responses to stress maintaining that in addition to fight-or-flight, humans respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward offspring; thought to depend on the stress hormone oxytocin; these responses may be especially true of women

Question 90

2 systems involved in stress response

Answer 90

Sympathetic-adrenomedullary system and hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis

Question 91

Allostatic load

Answer 91

The accumulating adverse effects of stress, in conjunction with preexisting risks, on biological stress regulatory systems. Can be assessed by increased weight and higher BP, etc

Question 92

Acute stress paradigm

Answer 92

A laboratory procedure whereby an individual goes through moderately stressful procedures (such as counting backwards rapidly by 7s), so that stress-related changes in emotions and physiological and/or neuroendocrine processes may be assessed.

Question 93

Role conflict

Answer 93

Conflict that occurs when two or more social or occupational roles that an individual occupies produce conflicting standards for behavior.

Question 94

Demand-control-support model

Answer 94

When high demands and low control are combined with little social support at work