Exam 1 Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
cognitive psychology
A
Understanding human cognition through observation of behavior during performance
on cognitive tasks
2
Q
cognitive neuroscience
A
Using behavior and the brain to understand human cognition
3
Q
cognitive neuropsychology
A
Studying brain-damaged patients to understand normal human cognition
4
Q
computational cognitive science
A
Using computational models to understand cognition
5
Q
bottom-up processing
A
Processing that is directly influenced by environmental stimuli
6
Q
top-down processing
A
Processing that is influenced by internal subject factors
7
Q
assumptions of cognitive neuropsychology
A
- Functional modularity:
Independent processing units, exhibiting domain specificity (i.e., responding to only one class of stimuli) - Anatomical modularity: Each module is located in a specific brain region
- Uniformity of functional architecture across people: Allows us to generalize findings to normal human cognition
- Subtractivity: Brain damage can only disrupt modules or connections between them: patients cannot develop
new modules to compensate
8
Q
dorsal
A
superior or towards the top
9
Q
ventral
A
inferior or towards the bottom
10
Q
anterior
A
towards the front
11
Q
posterior
A
towards the back
12
Q
lateral
A
situated at the side
13
Q
medial
A
situated in the middle
14
Q
cones
A
- Colour and detail perception
- Mostly located in the fovea
15
Q
rods
A
- Vision in dim light
- Located in the periphery
16
Q
retinopy
A
there is one on one mapping between the cells of the eye and the cells of the brain
17
Q
pathways of the retina-geniculate-striate system
A
- parvocellular pathway: Sensitive to colour and fine detail, most input comes
from cones - magnocellular pathway: Most sensitive to
motion, most input comes
from rods
18
Q
Dorsal “where
or how” system
A
- Mostly concerned with motion processing
- egocentric (body centered and dependent on your perspective)
- short lived representations
- usually unconscious
19
Q
Ventral “what” system
A
- Concerned with form and color processing to know what the object is
- allocentric (object centered and independent of perception)
- sustained representation
- faster processing
20
Q
hue
A
Is what distinguishes red from yellow or blue
21
Q
brightness
A
The perceived intensity of light
22
Q
saturation
A
Allows us to determine whether a color is vivid
or pale
23
Q
color constancy
A
The tendency for a surface or object to appear to have the same colour despite a change in the wavelengths
contained in the illuminant
24
Q
binocular disparity
A
Slight difference in the two retinal
images
25
navon stimuli
global letters made up of local features (h made up of s's); global features typically identified quicker than local features
26
The law of Prägnanz
```
“Of several geometrically possible organisations that one will actually occur which possesses the best, simplest and most
stable shape (came from gestalt psychology)
```
27
Gestalt laws of perceptual organization
- law of proximity
- law of similarity
- law of good continuance
- law of closure
28
advantages of gestalt approach
- Describes perceptual organization well
- Many principles have stood the test of time
- Law of Prägnanz has proven useful
29
limitations of gestalt psychology
- Underestimated the importance of knowledge
- More descriptive than explanatory
- Less applicable to detailed images
- Many further discoveries have been made
- Too inflexible
30
Marr's theory
observers construct a series of representations providing increasingly detailed info about visual environment (longer you can describe, the more detail you'll give)
31
Biederman's recognition-by-components theory
- objects consist of combinations of geons (ex: blocks, cylinders)
- object recognition is viewpoint-invariant
32
Biederman's five invariant properties of edges
- curvature
- parallel
- cotermination (edges terminating at a common point)
- symmetry
- collinearity (points sharing a common line)
33
holistic/face processing
integrating info from an entire object
34
prosopagnosia
can identify objects but not faces
35
visual mental imagery
occurs when a visual short-term memory (STM) representation is present but the stimulus is not actually being
viewed
36
optic flow
changes in the pattern of light reaching an observer created when they move or parts of the visual environment move
37
focus of expansion
the point that someone or something is moving towards
38
affordances
potential uses of objects (sit on a chair)
39
strengths of gibson's approach to direct perception
- Emphasized ecological validity
- Noted the importance of changes in the optic array
- Captured the dorsal, vision-for-action system before it
became common
40
limitations of gibson's approach to direct perception
- Processes involved in perception are much more complicated than implied by Gibson
- The failure to assume the existence of internal representations to understand perception is seriously flawed
- Underestimated the importance of topdown processes
- Oversimplified the role of motion on
perception
41
planning system
- Mostly used before initiation of movement
- Selects an appropriate target
- Decides how the object will be grasped
- Determines the timing of the movement
- Uses both spatial and non-spatial information
- Relatively slow
- Planning depends on: a visual representation located in the inferior parietal lobe and motor processes in the frontal lobes and
basal ganglia
42
control system
- Used after the planning system
- To ensure that movements are accurate
- Influenced by the target object’s spatial characteristics
- Relatively fast
- Control depends on: a visual representation located in the superior parietal lobe and motor processes in the cerebellum
43
proprioception
sensation relating to the position of your body
44
mirror neuron system
- Neurons activated when witnessing another’s movement
- Facilitates imitation and understanding
others’ actions
45
change blindness
failure to detect a substantial visual change
46
inattention blindness
failure to notice an unexpected, but fully visible item when attention is diverted to other aspects of a display (gorilla)
47
requirements for change detection
1. Attention must be paid to the change location
2. The pre-change visual stimulus at the change location must be encoded into memory
3. The post-change visual stimulus at the change location must be encoded into memory
4. The pre- and post-change representations must be compared
5. The discrepancy between the pre- and post- change representations must be recognized
at the conscious level
48
focused attention
A situation in which individuals try to attend to only one source of information while ignoring other stimuli; also known as selective attention
49
divided attention
A situation in which two tasks are performed at the same time; also known as multitasking
50
Broadbent's theory of auditory attention
- A filter allows information from one input or message through it on the basis of its physical characteristics
- The other input remains briefly in a sensory buffer and is
rejected unless attended to rapidly
51
Treisman's theory of auditory attention
- The bottleneck’s location is more flexible
- Processing starts based on physical cues, syllable patterns and specific words and moves on to being based on grammatical structure and meaning
- If there is insufficient processing capacity to permit full stimulus analysis, later processes are omitted
- Importance of top-down processes
52
Deutsch and Deutsch's theory of auditory attention
- All stimuli are fully analyzed
- the most important or relevant stimulus determining the
response
53
inhibition of return
a reduced probability of visual attention returning to a recently attended location or object
54
two major attention networks
- endogenous: goal directed
| - exogenous: stimulus driven
55
subject-centered or egocentric neglect
Brain damage is typically in the right hemisphere and there is often little awareness of stimuli on the left side
of the visual field
56
object-centered or allocentric neglect
Lack of awareness of the left side of objects rather than simply the left side of the visual field
57
visual search
A task involving the rapid detection of a specified target stimulus within a visual display
58
cross-model effects/attention
the coordination of attention across two or more modalities
59
Ventriloquism effect
the mistaken perception that sounds are coming from the apparent source
60
visual dominance
we are more likely to rely on our eyes than our ears
61
four major dimensions of multiple-resource theory
1. Processing stages
2. Processing codes
3. Modalities
4. Response type
62
serial processing
involves switching attention backwards and forwards between the two tasks with only one task being
attended to and processed at any given moment
63
parallel processing
involves attending to (and processing) both tasks at the same time
64
What is one hypothesis that explains why humans are so successful despite that they are susceptible to numerous visual illusions?
Most studies on illusions involve the vision-for-perception system. However, we ostly use the vision-for-action system which provides accurate info about our position relative to objects
65
differences between three month and five month old babies in biological motion perceptions
- three months: equally sensitive to motion in point-light humans, cats, and spiders
- five months: more sensitive to displays of human motion
66
type change
object replaced by an object from a different category
67
token change
object replaced by an object from the same category
68
load theory
the extent that we are distracted by task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the perceptual demands of our current task
