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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

well-defined problems

A

all aspects of the problem and the goal are well defined

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2
Q

ill-defined problem

A
  • underspecified

- endless strategies you use

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3
Q

knowledge-rich problems

A

can only be solved by those having much relevant specific knowledge (chess problems)

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4
Q

knowledge-lean problems

A

doesn’t require as much knowledge because most info needed to solve the problem is in the initial problem statement

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5
Q

insight

A

problems requiring productive thinking use insight

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6
Q

facilitating insight

A
  • hints

- incubation and sleep

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7
Q

functional fixedness

A

occurs when we mistakenly assume that any given objects has only a limited number of uses

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8
Q

mental states

A

continuing to use a previously successful problem-solving strategy even when it’s inappropriate

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9
Q

means-ends analysis problem solving strategy

A
  • note the difference between the problem state and goal state
  • form a subgoal to reduce the difference
  • select a mental operator (move) that permits attainment of the subgoal
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10
Q

hill climbing problem solving strategy

A
  • changing the present state within the problem into one closer to the goal
  • used when solver has no clear understanding of the problem structure
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11
Q

progress monitoring problem solving strategy

A
  • assess the rate of progress towards the goal
  • if progress is too slow to solve the problem within the maximum number of moves allowed, people adopt a different strategy
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12
Q

planning problem solving strategy

A
  • most people presented with complex problems will engage in some preliminary planning
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13
Q

analogy

A

a comparison between two objects that highlights respects in which they are thought to be similar

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14
Q

associative analogies

A

car: trailer :: donkey: cart

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15
Q

categorical analogies

A

rodent: mouse :: appliance: toaster

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16
Q

explicit reasoning

A

slow, deliberate, and associated with conscious awareness (relied on by novices)

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17
Q

implicit reasoning

A

fast, automatic, and not associated with conscious awareness (relied on by experts)

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18
Q

plasticity

A

changes in structure and function of the brain that affect behavior and are related to experience of training (people learning to juggle show 5% increase in grey and white matter in the visual motion area over 6 weeks)

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19
Q

limitations of deliberate practice

A
  • Hard to assess deliberate practice with precision
  • Correlational data do not prove causality
  • Deliberate practice is necessary but not sufficient to produce skill
  • The model ignores innate talent
  • Individual differences in IQ are important
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20
Q

judgement

A

involves deciding on the likelihood of various events using the incomplete information

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21
Q

decision making

A

involves selecting one option from several possibilities

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22
Q

affect heuristic

A

basing a rapid judgement on emotional responses such as dread or fear

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23
Q

support theory

A

any given event will appeal more or less likely depending on how it is described

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24
Q

natural sampling

A

what happens in everyday life

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25
system #1 of dual-process theory
- intuitive - automatic - immediate - most heuristics are produced by this system
26
system #2 of dual-process theory
- analytical - controlled - consciously monitored - rule-governed - serial - more cognitively demanding - flexible
27
omission bias
preference for inaction over action when engaged in risky decision making
28
status-quo bias
individuals often prefer to accept the status quo rather than change their decision
29
selective exposure
a preference for information that strengthens pre-existing views; avoidance of information that conflicts with pre-existing views
30
inductive reasoning
- making a generalized conclusion from statements referring to particular instances - conclusions are probably but not necessarily true
31
deductive reasoning
- drawing conclusions that are definitely valid provided the assumptions are true - based on formal logic
32
logical operators
- conditional reasoning - or, and, if - ex: then, if and only if
33
matching bias
tendency to select cards matching the items mentioned in the rule
34
strengths of mental models
- predictions have been confirmed experimentally | - predict participants' responses to a rate of 95% accuracy
35
weaknesses of mental models
- assumes more deductive reasoning occurs than actually does - underspecification of the process - does not account for ambiguous reasoning problems
36
three principles of Heuristic-analytic theory
- singularity - relevance - satisficing
37
strengths of heuristic- analytic theory
- Wide applicability within cognitive research - Evidence for reasoning being based on singularity, relevance and satisficing principles - Evidence for distinguishing between heuristic and analytical processes is strong - Accounts for some individual differences based on the extent to which they use analytic processes
38
limitations of heuristic-analytic theory
- Distinction between heuristic and analytic processing is too neat - Implicit/explicit and heuristic/analytic may actually represent two independent dimensions - Not clear how individuals decide on which process to use - Assumes logic is conscious - Fails to lay out how the heuristic and analytic processes interact
39
informal reasoning
a form of reasoning based on one's relevant knowledge and experience rather than logic
40
emotion vs. mood
- emotion is intense, long-lasting, and specific | - mood is short in duration and vague
41
strengths of appraisal theories
- process determines if we experience emotion and influence the precise emotion experienced - Individual differences in emotional experience can be explained by appraisals - Distinction between conscious and automatic processes has proved valuable - Cognitive manipulations affect emotion
42
limitations of appraisal theories
- Situational appraisal is not always crucial - Research has focused on passive individuals - Appraisal theories focus on emotional experience due to the current situation, not the future - Causal structure may not be unidirectional
43
emotion generation
activating a spontaneous emotional response
44
strengths of emotion regulation
- Brain regions associated with regulation have been identified - Effectiveness of strategies is understood - Processes can be explicit or implicit - Influencing factors have been identified
45
limits of emotion regulation
- Distinction between emotion generation and regulation may not be clear cut - Behavioral strategies of regulation are more common - Environmental influences on successfulness of strategy not accounted for - Details about processing are not elucidated - Individual differences not accounted for
46
deontological judgements
moral rules and affective system
47
utilitarian judgements
cognitive system
48
attentional bias
selective attention to threat-related stimuli
49
interpretive bias
tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening
50
explicit memory bias
tendency to retrieve negative, not positive, memories
51
implicit memory bias
tendency to exhibit superior performance for negative or threatening stimuli in tests not involving conscious recollection
52
Cognitive biases associated with anxiety
- attentional bias - interpretive bias memory bias (explicit)
53
Cognitive biases associated with depression
``` memory bias (explicit), interpretive bias, memory bias (implicit), attentional bias ```
54
consciousness
the experience of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, awareness of the external world, and often in human self-awareness
55
researcher beliefs on free will
- Aarts & van den Bos believe we have the ability to make choices free from constraints - bode believes free will is an illusion
56
assumptions of global workspace theory
- Processing involves special-purpose unconscious processors - Consciousness is associated with integrating information - Brain areas vary as a function of content of consciousness - Attention linked closely with consciousness
57
brain regions associated with consciousness
- anterior cingulate cortex | - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
58
strengths of global workspace theory
- All major assumptions have been supported - Early processing of seen and unseen stimuli is similar - Consciousness is associated with integrated brain activity - Close links between attention and conscious awareness
59
limits of global workspace theory
- Focuses narrowly on processes for visual perception - Integrated brain functioning is not necessarily the neural substrate for consciousness - Psychological processes have been neglected
60
hemispheres in split-brain patients
- Right hemisphere outperformed left on visuo-spatial tasks | - Left hemisphere performed better on language tasks

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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