Exam 1 Flashcards by Mikayla Wilson

The sarcolemma is:

Cell membrane surrounding muscle fiber

Composed of protein and lipid material

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The sarcoplasm:

Contains organelles and inclusions

The cytoplasm of muscle cells

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Botulism is caused by:

Blocking acetylcholine

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Hyaluronic acid:

Serves as lubricant in joints

Is a glycosaminoglycan

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ATPase is an enzyme that hydrolysis

ATP

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Cholinesterase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes

Acetylcholine

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Intermolecular cross linkages

Lead to insolubility of collagen fibers
Increase with age
Affect meat tenderness

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Water, protein, carbs, and lipid make up approximately what percent of live mammalian skeletal muscle

75,18.5,1,3

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A defect in which of the following proteins causes the disease known as muscular dystrophy

Dystrophin

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Lymph

Circulates continuously
Passes through all tissues, organs, and lymph nodes
Helps transport absorbed fatty acids

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Double muscling genotype

Results in twice as many muscle fibers

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Callipyge genotype

Results in hypertrophy
Means beautiful buttocks
Results in tougher meat products
Is developed in sheep

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What is the viscous substance that serves to lubricate juxtaposed joint surfaces

Hyaluronic acid

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Synthetic somatotropin is used to

Increase leanness

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The two calcium channel proteins involved in regulating calcium during depolarization of the T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are

Dihydropyridine receptor and Ryanodine receptor

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Meat contains neurons

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Muscle function is based on structure

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Muscle fiber is a term for muscle cell

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Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium are connective tissue proper

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Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal body

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Proline is the most abundant amino acid in collagen

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Mesenchymal cells are precursors of fibroblasts and adipoblasts

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Collagen and elastin fibers are constructed intercellulary

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Elongation of the bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate

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Intermuscular fat is also known as the slow twitch muscle fibers

Red muscle fibers are known as Marcelina and is deposited between muscles

Carcass traits are lowly heritable

Supplement of beta Adrenergic agonists increases meat tenderness

Na/k pumps actively transport sodium and potassium using ATP for energy

Muscles can only contract

Thin contractile protein associated with I band of sarcomere

Actin

Double headed contractile protein

Myosin

Protein that extends the length of F actin, blocking myosin binding site

Tropomyosin

Has 3 subunits that regulate myosin actin binding site

Troponin

The largest molecular weight cytoskeleton all protein

Titin

Encircles the thick filaments

C protein

Regulatory myofibrillar proteins

Tropomyosin | Troponin

Contractile myofibrillar protein

Myosin | Actin

Cytoskeletal protein

Titin | Nebulin

Low myoglobin content

Slow contraction speed

Selected for more in wild duck breast muscle than domestic turkey breast muscle

High capillary density

Both glycolytic and oxidative metabolism

Low glycogen content

Selected for more in a weight lifter than a distance runner

High mitochondrial numbers

High lipid content

Slow contractile speed

Easily fatigued

Large fiber diameter

Longer time to fatigue

Nerve impulse muscle contraction stages

Resting state Motor nerve action potential arrives at motor end plate Acetylcholine released, sarcolemma and membrane depolarize Action potential transmitted via T tubules to SR Ca2+ released from SR terminal cisternae into sarcoplasm Ca2+ binds to troponin C Tropomyosin moves to expose myosin binding site in actin Actin-myosin cross bridge formation Myosin ATPase activated and ATP hydrolyzed Repcated formation and breaking of crossbridges resulting in sliding of filaments and sarcomere shortening

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary Organized Attached to Skelton

Smooth muscle

Involuntary Slightly unorganized Found in veins, arteries

Difference between live animal and a carcass

Carcass is different from a live animal in the feet because all of h the blood is drained, internal organs removed, the hide hooves, and legs. Also the weight is different

5 steps myogenesis

1) Early differentiation leads to myoblasts 2) Myoblasts fuse and donate nuclei to a single immature muscle fiber 3) primary myotubes produce 1 degree muscle fibers 4) secondary myotubes form around 1 degree myotubes and produce 2 degree muscle fibers 5) both 1 and 2 develop into mature muscle fibers

Why does the eye of round or semitendinous remain tough even if cooked appropriately

Elastin

Describe how the membrane potential transfers from the neuron to muscle fibers

Nerve impulses Acetylcholine Increase of Na+ permeability

T tubules are involved in transferring the stimulus from the neuron to muscle fibers

By releasing Ca+ releases from SR t tubules and SR are close

Endochondral ossification | Ex.

Bone is formed by replacement of cartilage | Ex. Limbs growth in length

Intermembranous ossification

Bone formation in absence of cartilage | Ex skull

Three types of blood cells and functions

Platelets: blood clotting Erythrocytes red blood cells: carry oxygen Leukocytes white blood cells: fight off bacteria

hyperplasia

An increase in fibers that occur during the first 2/3 of parental period

Hypertrophy

An increase in size of existing fibers that occur in the last 1/3 of parental period

What is the red juice often seen in the bottom package of beef

Sarcoplasm

TAs names

Sarah Tarah Meghan Hannah

Assuming a Functional sarcomere what two things are necessary for muscle contraction

Calcium | ATP

Connective tissue connecting bone to bone

Ligament

Connective tissue surrounding muscle cell

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding muscle

Epimysium

Connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

Tendon

Connective tissue surrounding muscle bundles

Perimysium

Considered contractile unit of striated muscle

Sarcomere

Muscle cell

Myofiber

Muscle cell membrane

Sarcolemma

Organelle unique to muscle tissue

Myofibril

Composed of thick and thin filaments

Myofilaments

In terms of contractile proteins, h zone contains

Only myosin

In terms of contractile proteins a band contains

Myosin and actin

Contractile proteins I band contains

Only actin

4 major nutrients in muscle

Protein Fat Vitamin Mineral

Cervical ligament

Elastin fibers

Collagen sequence

X glycine proline hydroproline glycine x

Sarcolemma is a bilayer phospholipid membrane

Myogenic cells differentiated in the embryonic phase of skeletal muscle development

Collage is the most abundant protein in the animal body

Myotubes are immature muscle fibers

Sarcomere length is constant

Synapses are formed when an axon ending of one neuron interdigitates with the dendrite of another neuron

Intermolecular collagen cross linkages decrease as an animal ages

Sarcolemma composed of lipid and protein

Myoblasts have the ability to fuse with one another

Proline is the most abundant amino acid in collagen

Increased intermolecular collagen cross linkages correlate with increased toughness

Holds actin filaments in 3 dimensional array

Z disk

Double headed contractile protein

Myosin

Contains glycolytic enzymes

Sarcoplasm

Extends from a band to z disk extending entire length of filament

Nebulin

Extends the length of f actin concluding the myosin binding site

Tropomyosin

Anchors myosin to z disk

Titin

Encircles thick filaments

C protein

Flattened reservoirs that store Ca++

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Enzymes found in lysosomes

Cathepsins

Ensheaths peripheral nerve fibers

Schwan cells

Long cylindrical nervous tissue structure

Axon

Axon ending one neuron interdigitating with dendrites of another

Synapse

Myomesium, m protein, skelemin

M line

Protein responsible for meat color

Myoglobin

Nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord

CNS

Monomeric form of actin

G actin

Small cytoplasmic vesicles containing protease

Lysosomes

Fibrous form of actin

F actin

Osteoblasts

Production of bone

Fibroblasts

Synthesis of ground substance tendons, ligaments, connective tissue proper

Chondroblasts

Form cartilage

Lymphocytes

Circulate continuously | Pass through all tissues, organs,and lymph nodes

Muscle is composed of many individual fibers that are grouped together

Bundles or fasciculi

Small muscle size

Fine

Large muscle size

Course

20-40 muscle fibers in surrounding endomysium

Primary bundles

Intramuscular

Marbleing

Intermuscular fat

Seam fat