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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hubel & Wiesel: feature detectors

A

neurons in the visual system that fire to specific types of stimuli

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2
Q

hierarchical processing

A

progression from lower to higher areas of the brain (more complex the stimuli, the higher in the brain the response.

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3
Q

sensory code

A

how neurons represent various characteristics of an environment

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4
Q

specificity coding

A

an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object

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5
Q

population coding

A

the representation of an object by the pattern of firing of a large # of neurons

v. sparse coding (small group of neurons)

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6
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sequence of events from eye to brain

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7
Q

top-down processing

A

processing that originates in the brain at the top of the perceptual system

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8
Q

likelihood principal

A

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

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9
Q

Helmholtz unconscious Inference

A

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences that we make about the environment

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10
Q

Gestalt laws of organization

A
  • organization principles are built in– explain why elements are grouped together to create larger objects
  • perception is affected by experience
  • built-in principles can override experience
  • the whole is different than the sum of its parts

1) proximity
2) similarity
3) good continuation
4) common fate (points or surfaces that move together are perceived as being part of the same object

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11
Q

Principle of good continuation

A

points that when connected, result in a straight/smoothly curving/overlapping line belong together

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12
Q

Principle of good figure/simplicity (Praganz)

A

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is seen as simple possible (ie: olympic symbol)

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13
Q

Principle of Similarity

A

similar things appear to be grouped together

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14
Q

oblique effect

A

ppl can perceive horizontal + vertical more easily than other orientations

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15
Q

Bayesian Inference

A

our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by 2 factors:

1) the prior probability
2) extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome.

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16
Q

proximal stimulus

A

what we see/hear

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17
Q

distal stimulus

A

what we ant to know about (the thing causing the light/sound)

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18
Q

low-level vision

A

basic judgements about surfaces– (where are the edge/orientation of a surface)

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19
Q

high-level vision

A

identifying + interpreting what you see

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20
Q

high-frequency info

A

fine, detailed info (small)

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21
Q

low-frequency info

A

course, blobs (big)

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22
Q

saccades

A

rapid eye movements (3x each sec)

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23
Q

fixations

A

still periods between ea. saccade

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24
Q

trans-saccadic memory

A

integrate all fixations to construct the entire scene, based on their locations in the world

Currie (2000)

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25
What are the problems with TSM
1) we don't seem to have good memory for visual info across eye movements 2) we don't notice fairly large changes in the scene that take place during eye movements 3) we do encode a small # of objects "object-file"
26
bottleneck model
filter restricts information flow input--> sensory detection--> filter--> recognition eg: cocktail party phenomenon
27
Stroop task
You can't ignore the meaning of the word even though that is "late" information (after recognition)
28
parallel processing
- automatic - occurs when 2 processes take place at the same time unlimited: can do all simultaneously limited: multiple simultaneously ie- searching a display for something specific within it
29
serial processing
occurs when one process waits on the other to finish before it starts
30
exogenous cues
external cues that automatically attract your attention i.e. -unexpected sounds/movements objects that enter the visual field -strange smells coming from someone on subway
31
analog representations
(like pictures) - continuous e. g. maps
32
propositional representations
simple descriptions, like those used in language or in logic
33
phonological loop
- brief store of mainly verbal information together with a rehearsal mechanism. - designed to handle linguistic info in particular - baddeley
34
autobiographical memory
memory for specific experiences
35
episodic memory
memory through mental time travel
36
general processes of memory?
- encoding - storage - retrieving
37
How are STM and LTM differenct
- the way that info is represented - length of storage - retrieval--> effortless v. search using cues
38
intentional memory
trying to learn some items
39
incidental memory
not studying the items to learn
40
encoding specificity
if the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding, memory will be better
41
What is the difference between working memory and stm
wm: train of thought STM: static Short term memory is for information storage only, while working memory is for storage information and manipulation ie- making turns going into a new building v. going back out using those turns
42
proactive interference
comes from things you've learned before
43
retroactive interference
comes from things you've learned afterwards
44
paired-associative learning
cue-response learning
45
consolidation
transfer of memories to different parts of the brain
46
Helmholtz Unconscious Inference
You need to make an inference to get from proximal stimulus (light/sound) to distal stimulus (source of light/sound)
47
2 kinds of memory
short-duration, high capacity store (iconic memory) | long-duration, limited capacity store (short term memory)
48
How does visual perception occur
fixation: (relatively long), interrupted by saccades saccades: ballistic eye movements (relatively short) Result: visual perception is actually jumpy /incomplete even though it seems smooth + complete
49
view-dependent object recognition
multiple templates for what an object looks like
50
object-centered recitation
a general description of the object, not relative to a particular view
51
Bottleneck
1. sensory memory: holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second+ then transfers all of it to the filter 2. filter: identifies message based on on physical characteristics + lets only this attended message pass through to the detector 3. Detector: processes the info from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics (meaning_ 4. Output of the detector: short-term memory which can hold info indefinitely
52
Stroop Effect
its easier to identify color of shape rather than color of words --> competing effect
53
Sperling (1960)
people see the entire display but there is a bottleneck Later in getting the letters into memory
54
performance is enhanced when spatial resolution is ___; but will impair it when resolution is ___
low; high
55
word superiority:perception of a letter is better when it is _____?
- alone | - embedded within a non-word
56
feature binding theory: How do individual features combine to form a coherent world
stage 1: pre-attentive stage -- analyzes features ie- Irwin Bottleneck stage 2: focused attention -- combines features ie- word superiority
57
dichotic listening
presenting different stimulus to left and right ear
58
cocktail party effect
ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out others
59
kosslyn (1976): property verification task
- -> when imaging the object, the large (less associated) parts were verified faster - -> when not imaging, the highly associated (smaller parts were verified faster) imagery= different, more "visual" form of representation
60
McNamara (1986): priming experiment
asking about objects from the same quadrant --> faster recognition of 2nd object than asking about objects from 2 different quadrants
61
priming
doing one task influences the time it takes you to do a subsequent task
62
alignment
people tend to bring diff areas into horizontal/ vertical alignments
63
Weber's Law
ability to see the difference between things depends on absolute value of those things
64
George Miller: The Magical #7 minus 2, plus 2
limit of around 7 items that can be recognized
65
mistakes people make are often ______even if presented visually
acoustic/verbal
66
How long does STM last?
As long as you keep rehearsing
67
Anderson's "Fan Effect" | form of interference
the more sentences a word appears in, the slower subjects were to recognize it
68
retrieval failure
struggling to pull retrieval from something that has already been stored
69
What are the 5 types of memory
1. sensory 2. stm 3. episodic 4. semantic 5. procedural
70
Weber's Law
ability to see the difference between things depends on absolute value of those things
71
spatial representation
representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space.
72
epiphenomenon
something that accompanies the real mechanism but isn't actually a part of the mechanism ie- light flashing on cpu as it turns on has nothing to do with mechanics of cpu
73
inattentional blindness
individuals seem to be unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they aren't directing their attention to them
74
change blindness
difficulty detecting change when attention is focused elsewhere
75
binding
features such as color, form, motion and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object
76
Preattentive stage
object is analyzed into its features
77
focused attention
features are combined into a coherent whole
78
Baddeley's WM Model
phonological loop, visuospatial pad, and a central executive
79
recall v. recognition
recall (weak): "tell me all the items you saw" | recognition (strong): "did you see this item?
80
early vs. late selection model
early: filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow late: most of the incoming info is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be further processed is selected

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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