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Animal Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hemoglobin

A

polypeptide oxygen carrier

  • alpha and beta chain
  • heme group (poriphrin rings)
  • a2b2 and Fe2
  • protein
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2
Q

gastric pits

A

mucous cell, chief cell, parietal cell

-make enzymes for digestion and control ph

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3
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of an element that possess a different number of neutrons

  • deuterium- 1p and 1n
  • hydrogen- 1p and 0n
  • tritium- 1p and 2n
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3
Q

ions

A

create neutral atoms by gain or loss of electrons

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4
Q

condensation

A

removes oh and h during synthesis and forms water

-dehydration synthesis

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5
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks a covalent bond by adding oh and h

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6
Q

pH

A
  • buffer system to stabilize (binding and releasing of H)
  • phosphate, proteins, bicarbonate
  • dissolving CO2 in water?
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7
Q

carbohydrates

A

-energy storage (structure in plants)
- C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
monosaccharides- glucose, galactose, and fructose (simple sugars)
disaccharides
polysaccharides (polymers of)

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8
Q

nucleic acid

A

-information, including heredity
- Chromosomes, DNA, RNA
polymers of nucleotides

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9
Q

protein

A

-polymers of amino acids
-structure, transport (active and passive), catalytic, signals, and receptors
3-4 levels of molecular structure:
-hemoglobin
-carbonic anhydrase
-succinate dehydrogenase
-phosphofructokinase

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10
Q

protein structures

A

primary- peptide bonds
secondary-alpha helix or beta sheet (motifs are similar ones BAB and helix turn helix)
tertiary- 3 dimensional alpha and beta
domains- functional regions of tertiary structures

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11
Q

misfolded proteins that are resistant to degradation

A 
kuru
mad cow- prp
alzheimer’s- beta-amybid
chronic wasting disease
parkinson’s- a-synuclein
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12
Q

functions of protein

A
  • kinases and add phosphate
  • immunoglobulins antibodies
  • toxins (snake venom)
  • circulating transporters (hemoglobin and myoglobin)
  • support fibers (collagen, keratin, fibrin)
  • motion- muscle (actin and myosin)
  • storage-calmokylin
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13
Q

transport proteins

A

aquaporin- lets water through
permease- moves glucose by facilitated diffusion
carries o2 and co2 in the blood (can hold 4 oxygen)

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14
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

aids in co2 transport and release, has Zn in active site

-protein

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15
Q

phosphofructokinase (protein)

A

control of glucose catabolism
-high levels of ADO stimulates enzyme
-ATP inhibits
(pfk)

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16
Q

succinate dehydrogenase

A

only functional when in cell membrane; oxidizes molecules in citric acid cycle (succinate>fumerate)

  • enzyme in membrane; isolate incompatible regions
  • isolate krebs cycle enzymes in mitochondria membrane from acidic H on outside
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17
Q

keratin and collagen (protein)

A

keratin- hair strand and fingernails

collagen- cartilage

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18
Q

channels

A 
open-
potassium leak channel
aquaporin (h2o)
gated-
sodium, potassium, and calcium ion
-important in neural signaling
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19
Q

membrane transport

A
  • phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane)
  • oxygen can diffuse through but others need channels
  • simple and facilitate diffusion and passive transport
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20
Q

pumps

A
  • require energy given by hydrolysis (atp)
  • uses energy to move ions across membrane gradient
  • change shape
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21
Q

DNA

A

encodes information used to assemble mRNA and specifies the primary structure of proteins
- 2 deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogen bases

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22
Q

RNA

A
  • single stranded

- pentose ribose and phosphate and nitrogen bases

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23
Q

neutral lipids

A
  • glycerol and fatty acids
  • saturated and unsaturated
  • energy
  • triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
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24
Q

phospholipids

A
  • glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate, and serine, enthanolmine, or choline
  • structure
  • core of biological membranes
  • amphipathic
25
Q

sterols

A

-cholesterol, required for all cell membranes
-signal and structure
-provides stability to membranes (ring structure)
signals:
synthesized in gonads and adrenal glands (good signal due to ridgity)

26
Q

prostaglandins

A

cyclic fatty acids-
signals
-muscular constriction and mediate inflammation
-inflammatory responses mediated by chemokines

27
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • have receptors in the cytoplasm of target cells
  • has carrier bc it doesn’t mix with water
  • change in gene expression and activity inside the cell
28
Q

fluid mosaic model

A
  • lateral movement; almost nothing flips between sides
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • proteins and lipids have carbohydrates attached to them in the membrane
  • proteins embedded in surface to which things can attach
29
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • DNA (localized but not in membrane)
  • ribosomes
  • pili (hairs)
  • flagellum (rotary motor w atp)
  • capsule
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
  • no internal membranes
30
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • protein carrier
  • molecule binds to carrier protein in membrane and is transported
  • net movement is toward a region of lower concentration
32
Q

osmosis

A
  • aquaporins
  • diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
  • movement of water into cells placed in hypertonic solution (curran’s hypothesis)
33
Q

hypoosmotic solution

A

cells swell and eventually burst (higher concentration on outside)

  • redblood cells
  • in hyper osmotic they shrivel
34
Q

endocytosis

A
  1. phagocytosis- eating large items
  2. pinocytosis- drinking and eating small items
    - both not bound to receptors
  3. coated pits- membrane pockets lined by receptors
35
Q

exocytosis

A

secretion- releasing the contents of vesicles and vacuoles

36
Q

MHC protein

A

tells immune system what is being made inside

-constructed in ER but resides in membrane

37
Q

non-membrane bound organelle

A

ribosomes

  • made of protein and RNA
  • do protein synthesis
  • have large and small subunit
  • eukaryotes only
  • free in cytoplasm or membrane bound
38
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • synthesis of steroids, lipids, and carbohydrates
  • storage of calcium ions
  • single membrane-bound organelle
39
Q

Golgi Complex

A
  • glycosylation- adding sugars
  • packaging of sugars for secretion of placement on membrane
  • cisface is by nucleus
40
Q

peroxisome microbody

A

break down fatty acids and poisons

41
Q

glyoxisome microbody

A

break down of material in the fat storage tissues of germinating seeds

42
Q

phagosome microbody

A

vesicle formed around engulfed vesicle

43
Q

lysosome microbody

A

catch hydrolytic enzymes for digesting phagocytize materials of worn out organelles

44
Q

mitochondrion

A
  • expels large amounts of H+ because of electron transport chain (acidic)
  • crista, matrix, intermembrane space
  • double membrane bound
  • endosymbiotic origin (aerobic bacterium became mitochondria)
45
Q

chloroplast

A
  • electron transport happens in granum made of thylakoid disks
  • double membrane bound
  • endosymbitic origin (cyanobacterium became chloroplast)
46
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

made of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

47
Q

microtubules

A
  • larger (1nm)
  • built and then taken apart (polymerize and depolymerize)
  • facilitates movement of chromosomes (spindle)
  • formation of centrioles (9 triples in a T), cili, and flagella (9 doublets and 2 central)
48
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • medium
  • most durable
  • composed of keratin and neurofilaments (heterogenous)
49
Q

microfilaments

A
  • pulling of myosin along the actin
  • dynamic and contractile
  • cellular extensions and pinching??
50
Q

molecular motors

A
  • dynenin and kinesin
  • intracellular transport along cytoskeletal microtubule highway
  • dynenin moved by dynenin complex
51
Q

tight junction

A
  • adjacent plasma membranes and intracellular space
  • tight junction proteins
  • create barrier to movement between cells (digestive tract)
52
Q

adhesive junctions

A
  • desmosome-connect cytoskeleton
  • hemidesmosomes- anchor epithelium
  • -adjacent plasma membranes and intracellular space
  • cadherin-migration of cells in development +critical link
  • cytoplasmic protein plaque
  • cytoskeletal filaments anchored to plaque
53
Q

gap junctions

A
  • pairs of hemichannels (6 connexin subunits)
  • 4 transmembrane proteins
  • 6 peptide bonds
54
Q

membrane vesicle

A

vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and eject contents

-mucus

55
Q

glycoproteins

A

create protein/carbon chain shape characteristic of individual

  • self recognition
  • reorganize immune system
56
Q

glycolipid

A

tissue recognition

  • create lipid/carbon chain in shape of tissue
  • A,B,O blood markers
57
Q

phosphorylation and dephosporylation

A
  • alters proteins function which allows them to transmit extracellular signals through the signal transduction path way (adding phosphate)
  • sodium-potassium pump
58
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

carriers- active or passive across membrane
channel- passive across membrane
receptors-transfer info into cell

59
Q

cell signaling

A

direct contact- plasma membrane + gap junctions
paracrine signaling- secreted and diffuse through fluids
endocrine-using hormones
synaptic- rapid communication through near transmitters

60
Q

intracellular receptors

A

cortisol- hormone that regulates balance of glucose

61
Q

g-proteins

A

binds to ligand to activate enzyme or ion channel

-GDP (alpha and beta)

62
Q

Nitric oxide receptor

A
  • into smooth muscle to increase cGMP leading to relaxation

- increases blood flow

Animal Biology (6 decks)

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