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Animal Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

hemoglobin

A

polypeptide oxygen carrier

  • alpha and beta chain
  • heme group (poriphrin rings)
  • a2b2 and Fe2
  • protein
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2
Q

gastric pits

A

mucous cell, chief cell, parietal cell

-make enzymes for digestion and control ph

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3
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of an element that possess a different number of neutrons

  • deuterium- 1p and 1n
  • hydrogen- 1p and 0n
  • tritium- 1p and 2n
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3
Q

ions

A

create neutral atoms by gain or loss of electrons

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4
Q

condensation

A

removes oh and h during synthesis and forms water

-dehydration synthesis

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5
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks a covalent bond by adding oh and h

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6
Q

pH

A
  • buffer system to stabilize (binding and releasing of H)
  • phosphate, proteins, bicarbonate
  • dissolving CO2 in water?
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7
Q

carbohydrates

A

-energy storage (structure in plants)
- C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
monosaccharides- glucose, galactose, and fructose (simple sugars)
disaccharides
polysaccharides (polymers of)

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8
Q

nucleic acid

A

-information, including heredity
- Chromosomes, DNA, RNA
polymers of nucleotides

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9
Q

protein

A

-polymers of amino acids
-structure, transport (active and passive), catalytic, signals, and receptors
3-4 levels of molecular structure:
-hemoglobin
-carbonic anhydrase
-succinate dehydrogenase
-phosphofructokinase

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10
Q

protein structures

A

primary- peptide bonds
secondary-alpha helix or beta sheet (motifs are similar ones BAB and helix turn helix)
tertiary- 3 dimensional alpha and beta
domains- functional regions of tertiary structures

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11
Q

misfolded proteins that are resistant to degradation

A 
kuru
mad cow- prp
alzheimer’s- beta-amybid
chronic wasting disease
parkinson’s- a-synuclein
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12
Q

functions of protein

A
  • kinases and add phosphate
  • immunoglobulins antibodies
  • toxins (snake venom)
  • circulating transporters (hemoglobin and myoglobin)
  • support fibers (collagen, keratin, fibrin)
  • motion- muscle (actin and myosin)
  • storage-calmokylin
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13
Q

transport proteins

A

aquaporin- lets water through
permease- moves glucose by facilitated diffusion
carries o2 and co2 in the blood (can hold 4 oxygen)

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14
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

aids in co2 transport and release, has Zn in active site

-protein

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15
Q

phosphofructokinase (protein)

A

control of glucose catabolism
-high levels of ADO stimulates enzyme
-ATP inhibits
(pfk)

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16
Q

succinate dehydrogenase

A

only functional when in cell membrane; oxidizes molecules in citric acid cycle (succinate>fumerate)

  • enzyme in membrane; isolate incompatible regions
  • isolate krebs cycle enzymes in mitochondria membrane from acidic H on outside
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17
Q

keratin and collagen (protein)

A

keratin- hair strand and fingernails

collagen- cartilage

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18
Q

channels

A 
open-
potassium leak channel
aquaporin (h2o)
gated-
sodium, potassium, and calcium ion
-important in neural signaling
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19
Q

membrane transport

A
  • phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane)
  • oxygen can diffuse through but others need channels
  • simple and facilitate diffusion and passive transport
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20
Q

pumps

A
  • require energy given by hydrolysis (atp)
  • uses energy to move ions across membrane gradient
  • change shape
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21
Q

DNA

A

encodes information used to assemble mRNA and specifies the primary structure of proteins
- 2 deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogen bases

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22
Q

RNA

A
  • single stranded

- pentose ribose and phosphate and nitrogen bases

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23
Q

neutral lipids

A
  • glycerol and fatty acids
  • saturated and unsaturated
  • energy
  • triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
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24
phospholipids
- glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate, and serine, enthanolmine, or choline - structure - core of biological membranes - amphipathic
25
sterols
-cholesterol, required for all cell membranes -signal and structure -provides stability to membranes (ring structure) signals: synthesized in gonads and adrenal glands (good signal due to ridgity)
26
prostaglandins
cyclic fatty acids- signals -muscular constriction and mediate inflammation -inflammatory responses mediated by chemokines
27
steroid hormones
- have receptors in the cytoplasm of target cells - has carrier bc it doesn’t mix with water - change in gene expression and activity inside the cell
28
fluid mosaic model
- lateral movement; almost nothing flips between sides - phospholipid bilayer - proteins and lipids have carbohydrates attached to them in the membrane - proteins embedded in surface to which things can attach
29
prokaryotes
- DNA (localized but not in membrane) - ribosomes - pili (hairs) - flagellum (rotary motor w atp) - capsule - cell wall - plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) - no internal membranes
30
facilitated diffusion
- protein carrier - molecule binds to carrier protein in membrane and is transported - net movement is toward a region of lower concentration
32
osmosis
- aquaporins - diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane - movement of water into cells placed in hypertonic solution (curran’s hypothesis)
33
hypoosmotic solution
cells swell and eventually burst (higher concentration on outside) - redblood cells - in hyper osmotic they shrivel
34
endocytosis
1. phagocytosis- eating large items 2. pinocytosis- drinking and eating small items - both not bound to receptors 3. coated pits- membrane pockets lined by receptors
35
exocytosis
secretion- releasing the contents of vesicles and vacuoles
36
MHC protein
tells immune system what is being made inside | -constructed in ER but resides in membrane
37
non-membrane bound organelle
ribosomes - made of protein and RNA - do protein synthesis - have large and small subunit - eukaryotes only - free in cytoplasm or membrane bound
38
Smooth ER
- synthesis of steroids, lipids, and carbohydrates - storage of calcium ions - single membrane-bound organelle
39
Golgi Complex
- glycosylation- adding sugars - packaging of sugars for secretion of placement on membrane - cisface is by nucleus
40
peroxisome microbody
break down fatty acids and poisons
41
glyoxisome microbody
break down of material in the fat storage tissues of germinating seeds
42
phagosome microbody
vesicle formed around engulfed vesicle
43
lysosome microbody
catch hydrolytic enzymes for digesting phagocytize materials of worn out organelles
44
mitochondrion
- expels large amounts of H+ because of electron transport chain (acidic) - crista, matrix, intermembrane space - double membrane bound - endosymbiotic origin (aerobic bacterium became mitochondria)
45
chloroplast
- electron transport happens in granum made of thylakoid disks - double membrane bound - endosymbitic origin (cyanobacterium became chloroplast)
46
Cytoskeleton
made of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
47
microtubules
- larger (1nm) - built and then taken apart (polymerize and depolymerize) - facilitates movement of chromosomes (spindle) - formation of centrioles (9 triples in a T), cili, and flagella (9 doublets and 2 central)
48
intermediate filaments
- medium - most durable - composed of keratin and neurofilaments (heterogenous)
49
microfilaments
- pulling of myosin along the actin - dynamic and contractile - cellular extensions and pinching??
50
molecular motors
- dynenin and kinesin - intracellular transport along cytoskeletal microtubule highway - dynenin moved by dynenin complex
51
tight junction
- adjacent plasma membranes and intracellular space - tight junction proteins - create barrier to movement between cells (digestive tract)
52
adhesive junctions
- desmosome-connect cytoskeleton - hemidesmosomes- anchor epithelium - -adjacent plasma membranes and intracellular space - cadherin-migration of cells in development +critical link - cytoplasmic protein plaque - cytoskeletal filaments anchored to plaque
53
gap junctions
- pairs of hemichannels (6 connexin subunits) - 4 transmembrane proteins - 6 peptide bonds
54
membrane vesicle
vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and eject contents | -mucus
55
glycoproteins
create protein/carbon chain shape characteristic of individual - self recognition - reorganize immune system
56
glycolipid
tissue recognition - create lipid/carbon chain in shape of tissue - A,B,O blood markers
57
phosphorylation and dephosporylation
- alters proteins function which allows them to transmit extracellular signals through the signal transduction path way (adding phosphate) - sodium-potassium pump
58
transmembrane proteins
carriers- active or passive across membrane channel- passive across membrane receptors-transfer info into cell
59
cell signaling
direct contact- plasma membrane + gap junctions paracrine signaling- secreted and diffuse through fluids endocrine-using hormones synaptic- rapid communication through near transmitters
60
intracellular receptors
cortisol- hormone that regulates balance of glucose
61
g-proteins
binds to ligand to activate enzyme or ion channel | -GDP (alpha and beta)
62
Nitric oxide receptor
- into smooth muscle to increase cGMP leading to relaxation | - increases blood flow

Animal Biology (6 decks)

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