Exam 1

Question 1

Ablation

Answer 1

The surgical removal of body tissue, usually brain tissue for my purposes

Question 2

When you are devoting all of your attention to one thing. Sort of the opposite of perception

Answer 2

apperception.

Question 3

A statement that the posterior roots of the spinal cord controlled sensation where as the anterior roots controlled motor movement; sometimes considered an example of a “multiple”

Answer 3

Bell-Magendie Law

Question 4

On the mind-body problem, someone (like descartes) who believes that mind and body are two separate and distinguishable essences.

Answer 4

Dualist

Question 5

The mind and body are one in the same.

Answer 5

Monism

Question 6

Branch of philosophy concerned with studying the nature of and the origins of human knowledge

Answer 6

Epistemology

Question 7

Principle associated with Lashley, proposing that if some portion of the brain is destroyed, other areas will be able to serve the same function.

Answer 7

Equipotentiality.

Question 8

Someone who believes that our experiences in it; school of thought associated with such british philosphers as Locke, Berkeley, and Mill

Answer 8

Empiricism

Question 9

Philosophical school of thought, related to empiricism, which emphasizes the rules by which relationships between ideas and experiences are formed

Answer 9

Associationism

Question 10

Idea that exists or can be deduced in the absence of direct experience, through reasoning

Answer 10

Innate idea

Question 11

For Descartes these were ideas that result one’s experiences in the world.

Answer 11

Derived Ideas

Question 12

Point where the difference between two stimuli becomes just barely noticeable.

Answer 12

JnD

Question 13

Concerns the issue of whether specific parts of the brain have specific functions

Answer 13

Localization of Function

Question 14

Philosophical position that the only reality is physical reality and that living matter can be reduced to physical and chemical properties; held by most physiologist of the 19th century; opposed to vitalism

Answer 14

Materialism

Question 15

Principle associated with Lashley, proposing a limit on equipotentiality; the greater the amount of brain destroyed the greater the difficulty for remaining areas of the brain to take over brain function

Answer 15

Law of Mass Action

Question 16

Name given to the 19th century to reaction time research, in which the goal was to measure the time taken for various mental events.

Answer 16

Mental Chronometry

Question 17

Consonant-Vowel-Consonant combinations, invented by Ebbinghaus as stimulus materials in his studies on the formation and retention of associations

Answer 17

Nonsense Syllables.

Question 18

Calibrating the reaction of one astronomer against another; needed because different reaction time among astronomers yielded different astronomical measurements.

Answer 18

Personal Equation

Question 19

The first serious localization of function theory; proposed that “faculties” were located in specific brain locations, that the strength of a faculty was proportional to the amount of brain assigned to it and that faculties could be assessed by measuring skull contours

Answer 19

Phrenology

Question 20

Portion of the brain selected by Descartes as the locus of mind-body interactions

Answer 20

Pineal Gland

Question 21

For Locke, attributes of some object that are inherent to that object that exist regardless of perception

Answer 21

Primary Qualities

Question 22

For Locke, attributes of some object that depend on perception for their existence

Answer 22

Secondary Qualities

Question 23

Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli; pioneered by Weber and Fechner

Answer 23

Psychophysics

Question 24

Philosophical tradition emphasizing the use of reason and logic to arrive at the truth; associated with Descartes

Answer 24

Rationalism

Question 25

For Locke, ideas resulting from sensory experience or simple reflection

Answer 25

Simple Ideas

Question 26

For Locke, Ideas that were combinations of simple ideas

Answer 26

Complex ideas

Question 27

Doctrine proposed by Bell and Muller that different sensory Nerves convey different qualities; pointed out that we perceive the world indirectly through the action of our nervous system

Answer 27

Specific Nerve Energies

Question 28

Locke's term from Aristotle, fort he nature of the mind at birth; knowledge acquired through experience is analogous to writing on this white paper

Answer 28

Tabula Rasa

Question 29

As stimulus A increases in intensity, it takes progressively larger differences between stimulus A and stimulus B for a person to detect a difference between the two; the jnd divided by the size of the standard stimulus is a constant

Answer 29

Weber's Law/Ratio

Question 30

A field of psychology that doesn't really exist today it was founded by Wundt and its main focus is to study higher order thinking among cultures

Answer 30

Volkerpsychologie

Question 31

Also known as sensory aphasia, It is a disorder characterized by the inability to comprehend speech, and although there is no difficulty producing speech, the speech product is incoherent or illogical.

Answer 31

Wernicke's Aphasia

Question 32

Also known as motor aphasia. Found in Broca's patient Tan; speech apparatus is normal, their intelligence is normal, but the suffer a serious inability to express ideas verbally

Answer 32

Broca's aphasia

Question 33

I think therefore I am, the one idea that Descartes could not doubt. Sort of the credo of rationalism

Answer 33

Cogito ergo sum

Question 34

A philosophical position that all events in the universe have a prior cause

Answer 34

Determinism

Question 35

The idea that we have the power to choose, that nothing is determined

Answer 35

Free Will

Question 36

S = k * logr Or Mental Sensation is equal to Weber's ration multiplied by the logarithm of physical intensity

Answer 36

Fechner's law

Question 37

The idea that the earth is in the center of the universe

Answer 37

Geocentrism

Question 38

The idea that the sun is in the center of the universe

Answer 38

heliocentrism

Question 39

the belief that material things have no objective existence

Answer 39

Immaterialism

Question 40

The idea that each neuron is a separate unit, not physically connected with other units but merely in contact with them. Cajal proposed this first

Answer 40

Neuron Theory

Question 41

Psychological events and physiological events happened separately but at the same time. This belief goes against interactionism. It was proposed by David Hartley

Answer 41

Psychophysical Parallelism

Question 42

Proposed by Golgi. The neurons are all interconnected. They are physically touching. There is no gap!

Answer 42

Reticular Doctrine

Question 43

The idea that there is some unknowable force to life, usually some holy force.

Answer 43

Vitalism

Question 44

The belief that the world is like a machine, with proper study you can figure out everything you want to know about it

Answer 44

Mechanism

Question 45

actions that are controlled by the will which requires an intact brain. Idea from Robert Whytt

Answer 45

Voluntary Actions

Question 46

action that is controlled by the spinal cord. Idea from Whytt

Answer 46

Involuntary actions

Question 47

This philosopher gave us the Allegory of the Cave

Answer 47

Aristotle

Question 48

Should be remembered for his work with Specific Nerve energies because he truly found that first, instead he is recognized for a law he was completely wrong about

Answer 48

Charles Bell

Question 49

Applied the scientific method to studying sight. He learned that We do not see objects directly, rather we make judgments about them based on visual information.

Answer 49

Berkeley

Question 50

These two found localization of function within the brain by looking at people who'd suffered from strokes.

Answer 50

Bouillaud & Aubertin

Question 51

Brought attention to the localization of speech in the brain. He had the patient who could only say "tan"

Answer 51

Broca

Question 52

The founder of the Neuron theory. With the use of the golgi stain he argued that neurons were separate units that were not physically touching.

Answer 52

Cajal

Question 53

A famous rationalist in who came up with Cogito ergo sum: I think therefore I am. He proposed that you can only believe that which you cannot doubt.

Answer 53

Descartes

Question 54

Famous for studying memory in a scientific way. He found a way to quantify memory, And figured out some ways to quantify intelligence.

Answer 54

Ebbinghaus

Question 55

A big fan of Weber he took the idea that we do not perceive our world directly as it is and he found a way quantify just how off our perception is. He discovered the JnD

Answer 55

Fechner

Question 56

They found the primary motor cortex. In the very back of your frontal lobe.

Answer 56

Fritsch & Hitzig

Question 57

The man who had a metal rod go through his frontal lobe and he lived, thus teaching us about the function of the frontal lobe

Answer 57

Phineas Gage

Question 58

Most important contribution for our purposes was the experimental method.

Answer 58

Galileo

Question 59

The phrenology guy, but he also figured out that the brain had white matter and gray matter. He also explained what the corpus callosum did.

Answer 59

Gall (Franz)

Question 60

The frog leg guy.. He finds that nerves use electricity to make muscles contract

Answer 60

Galvani

Question 61

He found a way to stain neutrons, and with the neurons he stained he determined that neurons were interwoven, and that they physically touched, he would be wrong

Answer 61

Golgi

Question 62

This guy was a dualist but instead of buying into interactionism like Descartes, he proposed a stance known as psychophysical parallelism

Answer 62

Hartley (David)

Question 63

A physiologist who proved once and for all the the heart was just a pump, it was not making life.

Answer 63

Harvey (William)

Question 64

This physiologist figures out how often our nerves fire and learns about things like the all-or-nothing principles, refractory periods of nerves, the Trichromatic theory of color perception, and a bunch more about the eye

Answer 64

Helmholtz

Question 65

He tried to map the human experience in terms of basic elements, like in chemistry. He thought there were two elements: Ideas and Impressions

Answer 65

Hume (David)

Question 66

This man argues the psychology cannot be a science, because we cannot quantify the mind. This man gets proven wrong... a lot

Answer 66

Kant (Immanuel)

Question 67

This man searched for the engram, or the center for all memory in the brain. He did this by ablating parts of mice's brains and having them run a maze to see if they'd forgotten it

Answer 67

Lashley (Karl)

Question 68

One of the most influential british empiricist, gave us the idea of the tabula rasa

Answer 68

John Locke

Question 69

Using a six week old puppy :’( he exposed the spinal cord and cut the posterior fibers while leaving the spinal cord intact. He sutured the wound and watched the animal. by doing this he found out that the anterior root of the spinal cord controlled motor responses, and that the posterior root controlled sensory responses

Answer 69

Magendie

Question 70

Elaborated on the specific energies doctrine and developed it more fully.pointed out in addition to making a point between different sensory qualities that in perception we are not directly aware of the external world. We are only aware of the action of our nervous system, which conveys the world to us.

Answer 70

Johannes Muller

Question 71

While he's best known for defining the 3 laws of motion, he also studied light and how we perceive color.

Answer 71

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 72

This guy figured out that cortex had some inhibitory effects. And that excitatory and inhibitory efforts within the nervous system wok together closely. He coined the term "synapse"

Answer 72

Sherrington

Question 73

He figures out perceptual thresholds and has a law named after him concerning the jnd

Answer 73

Weber

Question 74

This german neurologist worked with those who suffered from sensory aphasia. They effected area is named after him

Answer 74

Wernicke

Question 75

He studied decapitated animals (mostly frogs) and he showed that muscle movement was still possible after death. he thought Voluntary actions are controlled by the will which requires an intact brain and involuntary action is controlled by the spinal cord

Answer 75

Robert Whytt

Question 76

She used the british empiricist ideas to promote women’s rights. If everyone is born a blank slate, then how could men possibly be superior to women. It’s just the simple fact that they send boys to school and not girls that makes them smarter

Answer 76

Mary Wolstonecraft

Question 77

The father of modern Psychology

Answer 77

Wilhelm Wundt