Exam 3 terms

Question 1

Belief held by Mesmer and contemporaries that living organisms were influenced by magnetic forces and that cures for illness could result from the proper use of magnets.

Answer 1

Animal Magnetism

Question 2

For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists with a person, resulting from having to make a choice between a two goals with a positive valence

Answer 2

Approach-approach conflict

Question 3

For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists within a person, occurring when a goal elicits both approach and avoidance tendencies

Answer 3

Approach-Avoidance conflict

Question 4

For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists within a person, resulting from having to make a choice between two goals with a negative valence

Answer 4

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Question 5

Watson’s 1913 paper that argued for a behaviorist approach to psychology

Answer 5

Behaviorist manifesto

Question 6

Medical technique promoted Benjamin Rush; drawing blood was believed to relieve, among other things, mental disorders brought about by excessive tension in the circulatory system.

Answer 6

Bloodletting

Question 7

For Allport, the most essential traits that characterize an individual

Answer 7

Cardinal Trait

Question 8

For Allport, a set of traits that sum up an individual’s personality, aside from cardinal traits

Answer 8

Central Trait

Question 9

In Freudian Psychoanalysis, an emotional release that occurs when one gains insight into unconscious origins of some problem: key part of the Anna O. case

Answer 9

Catharsis

Question 10

For Miller, a meaningful unit of information; short-term memory capacity said to be7+2 bits of information.

Answer 10

Chunks

Question 11

Humanistic approach to psychotherapy created by Rogers; it assumed that responsibility for the therapeutic change ultimately belonged to the client, whereas the therapist’s responsibility was to create an atmosphere conducive to such change

Answer 11

Client-centered therapy

Question 12

In a theory proposed by Festinger, a state of cognitive discomfort resulting from the experience of holding two inconsistent thoughts simultaneously or behaving in a way that is inconsistent with one’s beliefs.

Answer 12

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 13

For Tolman, a hypothetical spatial memory of a maze, acquired simply as a result of experiencing the maze (i.e. reinforcement not needed)

Answer 13

Cognitive Map

Question 14

For Lewin, a process that occurs under stress, in which a person reverses the normal differentiation process and reverts to an earlier, more primitive way of behaving; similar to Freudian regression

Answer 14

Dedifferentiation

Question 15

A procedure in researchon selective attention in which a person wearing headphones hears one messages in one ear and a second message in the other ear

Answer 15

Dichotic Listening

Question 16

In cognitive psychology, research that is relevant for understanding everyday cognitive activities is said to have this

Answer 16

ecological validity

Question 17

For Skinner, hypothetical constructs proposed as mediators between stimuli and responses that erroneously become used as explanations for behavioral phenomena

Answer 17

Explanatory fictions

Question 18

In Pavlovian conditioning, the gradual elimination of a conditioned response following the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 18

Extinction

Question 19

Associated with Lewin and Tolman; for Lewin derived from his belief that to understand behavior requires knowing about all the forces acting on a person at a particular time; for Tolman , reflected the extent to which his neobehaviorism was influenced by the gestaltists

Answer 19

Field Theory

Question 20

Gestalt organizing principle stating that a fundamental perceptual tendency is to separate the whole figures from their background

Answer 20

figure-ground

Question 21

As described by von Ehrenfels the overall quality of some entity (e.g. a melody, a square) that exists over and above its individual components (e.g. notes, lines)

Answer 21

Form-Quality

Question 22

In Freudian, psychoanalysis, a procedure to probe the unconscious, in which patients describe whatever occurs to them without internal censorship

Answer 22

Free Association

Question 23

Failure to solve a problem because of an inability to think using some object in a manner different from its normal function.

Answer 23

Functional Fixedness

Question 24

The tendency for a response learned to one stimulus to occur after the presentation of a second stimulus similar to the first

Answer 24

Generalization

Question 25

Piagetian psychology, which examined the manner in which knowledge developed within the individual

Answer 25

Genetic Epistemology

Question 26

For Hull, an intervening variable influencing behavior that was a direct function of the number of reinforced trials.

Answer 26

Habit Strength

Question 27

Tendency for the performance of subjects in an experiment to be influenced by their knowledge that they are under observation; based on the Hawthorne studies.

Answer 27

Hawthorne Effect

Question 28

Movement pioneered by rogers, Maslow, and others as a reaction to the deterministic assumptions of behaviorism and psychoanalysis; assumed that humans are characterized by free will, a search for meaning and the potential for self-actualization.

Answer 28

Humanistic Psychology

Question 29

State of heightened suggestibility, pioneered by Memer, Elliotson, and named by Braid

Answer 29

Hypnotism

Question 30

Disorder in which a number of symptoms indicate neurological damage but no such damage exists

Answer 30

Hysteria

Question 31

A research tradition emphasizing an in-depth analysis of individual cases; also examines differences from one individual to another; contrasted with a nomothetic strategy,

Answer 31

Idiographic

Question 32

For the gestaltist, a sudden problem solution that occurred when the individual reorganized the elements of the problem situation into a new configuration

Answer 32

Insight

Question 33

Used by Tolman and Hull; referred to hypothesis internal factors that intervened between stimulus and response.

Answer 33

Intervening Variables

Question 34

For Tolman, learning that occurred but was not reflected in an animal's performance.

Answer 34

Latent Learning

Question 35

Surgical procedure pioneering by Moniz in the 1930s that involves severing connections between the cortex and lower brain centers ; originally designed to treat severe mental illness but abandoned when found to be of marginal effectiveness and often abused

Answer 35

Lobotomy

Question 36

For Tolman, broad patterns of behavior that were goal directed, in contrast with the molecular behavior that was the result of a reductionist model of behavior.

Answer 36

Molar Behavior

Question 37

A research strategy that focuses on discovering general principles that apply, to a calibrated degree, to all individuals ; contrasted with an idiographic strategy

Answer 37

Nomothetic approach

Question 38

Skinnerian conditioning in which a behavior occurs and the immediate consequences of the behavior determine its future probability of occurrence.

Answer 38

Operant conditioning

Question 39

A definition in terms of a specific, observable set of operations more generally, defining scientific terms with precision

Answer 39

Operational definition

Question 40

Wertheimer's term for apparent motion , chosen to avoid the connotation that "apparent" motion was not really perceived, but was illusory.

Answer 40

Phi Phenomenon

Question 41

Gestalt organizing principle of perception, a tendency for our perceptions to mirror reality as closely as possible

Answer 41

Pragnanz

Question 42

Technique of gradually and systematically relaxing major muscle groups ; pioneered by jacobson and used by wolpe in systematic desensitization

Answer 42

Progressive Relaxation

Question 43

For Tolman, this referred to goal-directedness and was believed by him to be a unviersal feature of learned behavior

Answer 43

Purposiveness

Question 44

Specification of the relationship between the number or pattern of responses and the delivery of reinforcers, whenever reinforcement does not follow each behavior.

Answer 44

Schedules of Reinforcement

Question 45

Term used both by Piaget and Bartlett to refer to hypothetical mental structures that represent knowledge.

Answer 45

Schemata

Question 46

Training model for PhD in clinical psychology that emphasizes a research dissertation; also called the Boulder Model

Answer 46

Scientist-practitioner model

Question 47

Freud's original belief that hysteria originated from actual childhood sexual abuse

Answer 47

Seduction hypothesis

Question 48

For humanistic psychologists, a state in which people have reached their full potential

Answer 48

Self-actualization

Question 49

Watson's definition of thinking

Answer 49

sub-vocal speech

Question 50

Behavior therapy procedure in which fear response is replaced by an incompatible response; pioneered by jones and Wolpe who named it

Answer 50

Systematic Desensitization

Question 51

The feedback unit to replace reflex arc proposed by miller, Galanter, and Pribram, and influenced by development cybernetics

Answer 51

TOTE Unit

Question 52

In Freudian psychoanalysis, occurs when the patient develops a strong emotional attachment to the therapist

Answer 52

Transference

Question 53

Increased recall of information that stands out in some manner from other to-be-learned information

Answer 53

Von Restorff Effect

Question 54

Named for student of Lewin, refers to a tendency to be more likely to recall unfinished tasks than finished tasks.

Answer 54

Zeigarnik Effect

Question 55

This model asserts that human memory has three separate components, a sensory register, short-term store, and a long-term store

Answer 55

Atkinson & Shiffrin Model

Question 56

This conference answered the long‐standing call for a standardized training model for professional psychology. The scientist–practitioner model is arguably the most influential result of this conference.

Answer 56

The Boulder Conference

Question 57

Pavlovian conditioning-a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Answer 57

Classical Conditioning

Question 58

In which the brain operates at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual.

Answer 58

Defense Mechanism

Question 59

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 59

Discrimination

Question 60

the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest.Freudian idea

Answer 60

id

Question 61

the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.

Answer 61

Ego

Question 62

the part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.

Answer 62

Superego

Question 63

the idea that perception and the underlying physiological representation are similar because of related Gestalt qualities.

Answer 63

isomorphism

Question 64

one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. It was published in 1956 in Psychological Review by the cognitive psychologist George A. Miller of Princeton University's Department of Psychology. It is often interpreted to argue that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is 7 ± 2. This is frequently referred to as Miller's law.

Answer 64

Magic #7

Question 65

Freud believed this to be the actual literal subject matter of the dream

Answer 65

Manifest Content

Question 66

Freud believed this to be the hidden psychological meaning of the dream.

Answer 66

latent content

Question 67

behavior described in small response units rather than larger ones; a specific response.

Answer 67

Molecular Behavior

Question 68

Pavlovian idea. a reflex aroused by a stored-up impression of memory, such as the secretion of saliva at the sight or thought of good-tasting food.

Answer 68

Psychic Reflex

Question 69

Freud developed method for treating mental illness. Involved talk therapy

Answer 69

Psychoanalysis

Question 70

The idea that that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages.

Answer 70

Psychosexual development

Question 71

This is a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.

Answer 71

Shaping

Question 72

a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.

Answer 72

The Eysenck Experiment

Question 73

Preforation of a person's skull used to let the "pressure on the brain" our back in the day when they thought that was the route of mental illness

Answer 73

trepanning

Question 74

This conference had the effect of legitimizing the “scholar‐practitioner” model of professional training in psychology.

Answer 74

The Vail Conference

Question 75

The utopian novel by B.F. Skinner where he showcased his understanding of behaviorism

Answer 75

Walden Two

Question 76

That funky table/share that people were put in and spinned around to alleviate their overt symptoms

Answer 76

Whirling Cure

Question 77

splits primary memory into multiple components, rather than considering it to be a single, unified construct.

Answer 77

Working Memory Model

Question 78

a place in England for the treatment of people with mental health needs. The quaker hospital that treated people kindly.

Answer 78

York Retreat