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Psychology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How heritable is intelligence?

A

It is heritable but environment can help.

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2
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

Psychological mechanisms in the past increased our ancestors’ chances of surviving and reproducing

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3
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Better traits become more common.

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4
Q

How do evolutionary psychologist explain sex differences in aggression?

A

Unequal parental investment → greater male reproductive competition

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5
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Biological clock that provides approximate schedule for physical processes

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6
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

In hypothalamus, sensitive to changes in light

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7
Q

How does light affect the SCN, and how are the pineal gland and melatonin involved in our sleep-wake cycle?

A

Melatonin- causes sleepiness

Pineal gland secretes melatonin

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8
Q

What is the effect of artifical lighting on our melatonin production

A

Breaks down melatonin

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9
Q

What is N-REM 1? Hypnagogic jerk? Hynagogic hallucination?

A

Silimar to drowsiness. Jerk= twitching

Hallucinations = lucid dreaming

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10
Q

REM 2?

A

True sleep- reductions in heart rate and muscle tension

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11
Q

REM 3/4?

A

Deeply asleep, hard to awaken, disoriented when awakened. Growth hormones released from pituitary

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12
Q

What is REM sleep? What happens during REM sleep

A

Brain waves resemble wakefulness, paradoxical sleep, eyes move, irregular (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing).
DREAMS

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13
Q

Paradoxal?

A

Mind awake while body is asleep

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14
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A

Irritability, difficulty concentrating. Reduced immune system.
Lower production of growth hormone.
Impairment of memory formation
Increased risk of depression and obesity.
Selective deprivation stage of 3/4= muscle and join pain

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15
Q

Evolutionary theory of sleep

A

protection- not outside and vulnerable to predators in the dark

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16
Q

Restorative theory of sleep

A

supports growth

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17
Q

Information processing theory of sleep

A

supports cognitive processes (memories, creative thinking)

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18
Q

Freud theory of dream

A

to satisfy our own concussions wishes

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19
Q

Information processing theory of dream

A

for memories

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20
Q

Preserving neural pathways theory of dream

A

brain stimulation

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21
Q

Activation synthesis theory of dream

A

brains internally generated signals

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22
Q

What are the primitive reflexes

A

Unlearned responses that are triggered by a specific form of stimulation

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23
Q

How sensitive are newborn’s senses

A 
Touch and pain- kangaroo care
Taste- Innate and learned
Smell- Keen sense of smell
Hearing- Develops rapidly after birth
Vision- Least Developed
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24
Q

Visual Cliff

A

Lack of depth perception

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25
What was Piaget's approach to cognitive development?
Children understand the world with psychological structures that organize experience. Children make constant mental adaptation to new observations and experiences
26
What is assimilation and accommodation
assimilation= fitting new information into present system of knowledge and beliefs (MAKING SCHEMA) accommodation- as a result of undeniable new information (CHANGING SCHEMA)
27
Piaget Cognitive Stage 1 | Sensorimotor
birth to 2 years. Looking, sucking, touching Develop object permanence- something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
28
Piaget Cognitive Stage 2 | Preoperational
2-7 years Egocentric- only use own frame of reference Animalistic thinking- attribute life to animals Cannot grasp concept of conservation Conservation- understanding that physical properties do not change when appearance changes
29
Piaget Cognative Stage 3 | Concrete
7-11 years Can understand conversation Can understand transitivity Transitivity= A>B B>C then A>C
30
Piaget Stage 4 | Cognitive
11-adulthood Abstract reasoning Thinking about future possibilites
31
Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
Cognitive development results from guidance
32
Zone of proximal development
level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently
33
Scaffolding
Teacher adjusts amount of support to child's level of development
34
Henry Halow- soft contact important
Monkey preferred the soft (no food) mother to the wire (food) mother
35
Mary Ainsworth
Adult as secure base from which to explore
36
Attachment Types
Secure- Upset when parents leave, Happy when they return Avoidant- Little reaction to parents coming and going Ambiviant- Upset when parents leave and upset when parents come
37
What affects attachment?
infants have innate characteristics that promote attachments
38
Langlois Study
Mothers give more affection and attention to attractive infants
39
Authoritarian Parenting Style
Low warmth, High control Controlling, demanding, high emphasis on obedience Very restrictive RESULTS: Lower grades, lower self-esteem
40
Permissive Parenting Style
High warmth, Low control Very few rules or restrictions RESULTS: Easily frustrated, Low self-control
41
Uninvolved Parenting Style
Low warmth, low control Least effective, most detrimental RESULTS: Low self-esteem, emotionally detached
42
Authoritative Parenting Style
High warmth, High control Not overly demanding or hostile Child-centered RESULTS: Higher grades, coopertive
43
What is Kohlbergs theory of moral development?
Cognative capabilities determine evolution of moral reasoning
44
Preconventional
4-10 | Avoid punishment or gain reward
45
Conventional
10-up "good-boy" moralitiy "law and order"
46
Postconventional
Individual principles and conscience
47
Heinz dilemma
He had to choose to steal to save his dying wife
48
Identity vs Confusion
Stable sense of who one is and what one's values are or identity confusion
49
Intimacy vs Isolation
Establish enduring, committed friendships and relationships
50
Generativity vs Stagnation
Generate things that can outlive the self or see life as meaningless
51
Integrity vs Despair
Feel life has consistency, coherence, and purpose or disappointment
52
Assimilation (ethnic identity)
weak feelings of ethnic identity, strong feelings of acculturation
53
Separatist (ethnic identity)
strong ethnic, weak acculturation
54
Marginal (ethnic identity)
weak ethnic, weak acculturation
55
Bicultural (ethnic identity)
strong ethnic, strong acculturation
56
Older adults and death
express less anxiety about death than middle-aged adults
57
Sex vs Gender
Sex- anatomy | Gender- meanings that societies give to sexes
58
Gender socially constructed?
Different cultures have different conceptions about gender Gender is dynamic, not static Gender is inextricable from its context
59
Differences vs Similarities
D: Men and women are fundamentally different S: Men and women are basically alike
60
Communal vs Agentic
Communal: Team player (female) Agentic: Team leader (male)
61
Hostile vs benevolent sexism
Hostile: traditional women inferior to men Benevolent: Women seen as objects to be idealized and protected
62
Ambivalent sexism
the oscillation between benevolence and hostile sexism
63
Social learning
societal norms turn genders into place
64
Sensation vs Perception
Sensation: sense organs gather information and transmit to the brain Perception: Brain selects, organizes, and interprets sensation
65
Transduction
translation of physical energy into electrical signals
66
Bottom-up vs Top-down
Bottom-Up: Raw sensory to brain | Top-Down: Observers expectation and knowledge
67
Absolute threshold
minimal amount of stimulation that can be detected
68
Difference threshold
Lowest level of stimulation to sense a change in stimulation
69
JND
smallest difference in intensity between 2 stimuli that person can detect
70
Weber's Law
For 2 stimuli to be perceived as different, the second must differ from first at a constant proportion
71
Signal Detection Theory
sensation is not passive it has to do with sensitivy and response bias
72
Sensory Adaptations
System respond less to stimuli that continue without change | Exceptions: vision, severe pain
73
Gestalt approach
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
74
Proximity (grouping)
close distance
75
Similarity (grouping)
similar to one another
76
Continuity (grouping)
continuous lines and patterns
77
Closure (grouping)
incomplete figures as complete
78
Retinal disparity
each eye produces a different image
79
Convergance
turning inward of eyes to close objects
80
Monocular cues
use one eye for far away objects
81
Perpceptual constancy
organization of changing sensations into a stable size, shape, and color
82
Classical conditioning
learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated paring with that simulus
83
Pavlovs Study
Taught dogs to associate food with a bell
84
Unconditioned response and stimulus
innate response and stimulus
85
Conditioned response and stimulus
learned response and stimulus
86
Acquisition
learning association between the 2 stimuli
87
Generalization
When a CR has been associated with a particular stimulus, similar stimuli will evoke the same response
88
Discrimination
learned tendency to respond to a restricted range of stimuli or only to stimulus learned during training
89
Extinction
learning that the CS no longer predicts the US
90
Spontaneous recovery
preservation of original CS-US associated after extinction training
91
Second-order conditioning
new stimulus replaces conditioned stimulus | Tend to be weaker

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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