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Psychology 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What is extinction

A

Learning that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Preservation of original CS-US association after extinction training

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3
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

New stimulus becomes associated with previously conditioned stimulus and replaces it. Tends to be weaker

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4
Q

Conditioned aversion

A

Learning to fear (negative association to something)

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5
Q

Watson & Raynor

A

Loud noise + rat

Baby generalized fear to other fuzzy objects

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6
Q

Counterconditioning

A

CS paired with another stimulus to inhibit an unwanted response

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7
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Responses are learned because they affect the enviornment

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8
Q

Law of Effect

A

The tendency of an organism to produce a behavior depends on the effect it has on the environment

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9
Q

Puzzlebox

A

Cats operate on latches to escape the box to get the food

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10
Q

Skinner Radical Behaviorism

A

behavior is controlled by its consequences

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11
Q

Skinner Box

A

Hungry rat presses bar to receive food pellet

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12
Q

Reinforcement vs Punishment

A

Reinforcement= increases probability of response

Punishment- decreases probability that behavior will occur

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13
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response

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14
Q

Successive approximation

A

reward rat initially to walk towards lever and keep rewarding with progress

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15
Q

P Reinforcement
N Reinforcement
P Punishment
N Punishment

A

P Reinforcement: stimulus makes the behavior more likely
N Reinforcement: behavior more likely because its followed by the removal of an stimulus
P Punishment: unpleasant stimulus= decreases probability of behavior
N Punishment: removal of pleasant stimulus= decreases probability of behavior

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16
Q

Continuous vs Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Continuous: consequences every time behavior occurs
Intermittent: Only sometimes

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17
Q

Fixed-Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed-Interval
Variable-Interval

A

Fixed-Ratio: reinforcement for fixed proportion of responses
Variable Ratio: Reward for some percentage of responses, number of responses is unpredictable
Fixed-Interval: reinforcement in a fixed amount of time
Variable-Interval: reinforcement for responses after an amount of time that is not constant

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18
Q

Effects of Punishment

A

Difficulty distinguishing which behavior is being punished
Individual may come to fear person giving punishment
Punishment may not eliminate existing rewards

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19
Q

Types of motivation

A

Extrinsic: Pursuit of goal for external rewards
Intrinsic: Pursuit of activity for its own sake

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20
Q

Overjustification effect

A

too much reward undermines intrinsic motivation

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21
Q

Observational Leaning

A

learning by observing the behavior of others

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22
Q

Modeling

A

imitating others’ behavior

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23
Q

Bundura

A

Kids started to copy the models aggressive behavior to the doll

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24
Q

Media affecting aggressive behavior

A

Numbing Effect
Changed world view
Ideas for aggressive behavior
Priming feelings of aggression

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25
Recall vs Recognition
Recall: produce memories using minimal retrieval cues Recognition: conscious knowledge of whether something has been previously encountered
26
Steps of information processing
Encoding- environmental information into meaningful entity Storage- maintain encoded information over time Retrieval- Pulling memory from storage
27
Sensory memory
holds information for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears Iconic: Visual (Sperling flashed letters) Echoic: Auditory
28
Short-Term memory
information that is available to consciousness for about 20-30 seconds
29
Selective attention
focusing on important information
30
Inattentional blindness
can sense but not perceive stimulus
31
Change Blindness
lack of detection of changes in stimuli
32
Explicit Memory
conscious recollection of material from long term memory
33
Implicit Memory
Not consciously, but expressed in behavior
34
Declarative memory vs Procedural memory
Declarative- memory of facts, rules, concepts, events | Procedural- memory for the performance of skills
35
Semantic vs episodic
Semantic- memory of general knowledge | Episodic- memory of personally experienced events
36
Chunking
organizing information into small, meaningful bits to aid memory
37
Mneumonics
strategies and tricks for improving memory
38
Maintenance vs Elaborative rehearsal
Maintenance- repetition of material | Elaborative- thinking about the meaning of information
39
Levels of processsing
information can be processed at different depths
40
Shallow processing
superficial features
41
Deep processing
meaning
42
Contex-dependent
environment in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval
43
State-dependent
tendency to remember something when the individual is in the same physical or mental state during experience
44
Serial position effect
Tendency for recall of the first and last items to recall the middle Primacy- recalling beginning Recency- Recalling the end
45
Types of amnesia
Anterograde- new information not maintained | Retrograde- can't remember information from before head injury
46
Eyewitness Memory
high rate of mistakes and misremembering changes the memory
47
Representativeness heuristic
tendency to see someone or something as belonging to a particular group or category be evaluation how similar this object is to a typical object in the categoy
48
Base rates vs base-rate fallacy
base rates- frequency with which given events or patterns occur in the total population Fallacy= ignore base rates
49
Availability heursitcs
strategy for making judgements based on how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind
50
Simulation heuristic
tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by the ease with which one can image it
51
Outcomes of bilingualism
Greater cognitive flexibility Typically outperform monolingual students in academics Better executive control Different types of brain activation
52
Environment effects on intellectual abilities
Stimulating environment= increased IQ | Non stimulating= cognitive impairment
53
Stereotype threat
threat felt when stereotype is more noticeable to targets of negative stereotypes
54
Fixed mindset
performance is assumed to reflect ability that is unchangeable
55
Growth mindset
performance is assumed to reflect effort that is modifiable
56
Hierarchy of needs
ascends from basic biological needs to more complex psychological motivations
57
Self-actualization
to find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential
58
James-Lange theory of emotion
Physiological arousal ---> emotion
59
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
Physiological arousal + emotion
60
Two-factor theory of emotion
First we experience physiological arousal then we interpret the reason and provide an explanation (emotion)
61
Misattribution of arousal
can enhance emotion, mistaking fear/etc with arousal
62
Wobble bride study
Men who just crossed the wobble bridge confused emotion of fear with arousal with the woman
63
Facial feedback hypothesis
act of forming a facial expression elicits the corresponding emotion
64
Life change stress
brings changes in how individual lives and requires adaptation
65
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
score of major life events that can indicate stress percentage
66
Daily hassles
minor annoying events which require some degree of adjustment
67
Lazarus and Folkamans concept of cognitive appraisal
human thought process that interprets new situations, assesses those situations for potential threats and then selects the appropriate reaction to the situation

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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