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Psychology 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Behavioral, psychoanalytic, evolutionary, and biological perspectives

A

Biological- Physical systems affect behavior
Evolutionary- Natural selection of traits
Behavior genetics- contribution of genes and environment to behavior
Psychoanalytic- Unconscious dynamics within the individual
Behavioral- Learning via reinforcements and punishments
Cognitive- How people reason, remember, interpret
Sociocultural- How social and cultural forces shape individuals’ behavior

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2
Q

Operational Definition

A

Statement about the procedures the researcher used to measure a variable

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3
Q

Positive vs Negative correlation

A

(-)Variables change in opposite directions

(+)variables change in same direction

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4
Q

Does correlation indicate causation

A

NO

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5
Q

Random assignment

A

Participants have an equal chance of being in every experimental group

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6
Q

IV vs DV

A

IV- manipulated by experimenter

DV- Outcome

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7
Q

Statistical significance

A

probability that results are due to chance (p-value)

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8
Q

What is myelin sheath

A

Wrapped around axon for faster transmission

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9
Q

What is action potential

A

electro-chemical impulse that travels from the cell body down to the end of the axon

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that travel across synapse from one neuron to receptors on the next cell

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11
Q

Endorphins, Dopamine, Serotonin, Epinephrine

A

Endorphins- reduce pain and promote pleasure
Dopamine- Voluntary movement, reward, learning, memory Serotonin- affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, mood
Epinephrine- involved in stress response

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12
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

Sym- increases physiological arousal

Para- decreases arousal

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13
Q

Brainstem

A

Primitive behaviors under voluntary control

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14
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotions- aggression and fear

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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains internal balance

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16
Q

Hippocampus

A

Form new memories and facts

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17
Q

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

A

Frontal- (front) planning, creative thinking, personality
Parietal- (top) sensor cortex
Temporal- (sides) auditory cortex
Occipital- (back) visual cortex

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18
Q

Range of reaction

A

genetic makeup establishes range of possible developmental outcomes

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19
Q

Twin studies

A

compare pairs of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins

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20
Q

How heritable is intelligence

A

Its half heritable and half environmental

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21
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

apporximate schedule for physical processes

Has SCN- sensitve to changes in light

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22
Q

SCN reaction to light

A

Dark- SCN tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin

Light- SCN tells pineal gland to stop secreting melatonin

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23
Q

REM sleep

A

brain waves resemble wakefulness

HR,BP,BR rapid or irregular

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24
Q

3 STAGES OF N-REM

A

1- similar to drowsiness (hypnic jerk)
2- True sleep, reductions in heart rate and muscle tension
3/4- Deep sleep, hard to awaken, growth hormones released from pituitary

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25
Rooting and Moro reflexes
Rooting- Sucking motion when lips touch something | Moro- infant feels as if its falling
26
Piagets approach to cognitive development
Children understand the world with schemes
27
Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)- develop object permanence- something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen 2.Preoperational (2-7)- Egocentric, animistic thinking cannot grasp conservation- (physical properties do not change when appearance changes) 3. Concrete (7-11) Understand conservation and transivity 4. Formal operations (11-100) abstract reasoning, thinking about future
28
Vygotsky's theory
Cognitive development results from guidance | Scaffolding- teacher adjusts amount of support to child's level of development
29
Harlow study
soft contact (monkey preferred soft no food mom to wired food mom)
30
Ainsworth attachment
Adults act as a secure base from which to explore
31
Types of attacment styles: Secure, Insecure- anxious/ambivalent, Insecure-aviodant
Secure- Upset when parents leave, Happy when parents come back Ambivalent- Upset when parents leave, upset when parents come Avoidant- little reaction to coming and leaving
32
Baumrind parenting styles
Authoritarian- Low, warmth, high control Permissive- High Warmth, low control Uninvolved- Low warmth, low control Authoritative (BEST)- High warmth, high control
33
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Preconventional(4-10)- Avoid punishment or gain reward Conventional (after age 10)- "Good Boy" "Law and Order" Postconventional- Individual principles and conscience
34
Sex vs Gender
Sex- physical, anatomical | Gender- meaning society and individuals give to female and male categories
35
Similarities vs Differences
Similarities- men and women same | Differences- men and women and different
36
Social learning theory
Emphasis on learning behaviors via reinforcement/punishment and modeling (gender-roles)
37
Bottom-up vs Top-down processing
Bottom-up- Starts with raw data toward brain | Top-down- starts with observer's expectations and knowledge
38
Absolute thershold
minimal amount of stimulation that can be detected
39
Difference threshold
Lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occured
40
Sensor Adaptation
tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change
41
Gestalt apporach
the whole is greater than the sum of its sensory parts
42
Retinal disparity and convergenec
disparity- images produce different image on each retina | Convergence- turning inwards for near target
43
Classical conditioning
learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus
44
Pavlov
Rang bell with food and made dog salivate
45
UR, US, CR, CS
UR- innate response to US US- stimulus that automatically elicits response CR- learned response to stimulus that did not originally evoke the response CS- previously US that elicits the CR
46
Conditioned aversion
learning to fear
47
Watson and Raynor
Paired loud noise with rat, Albert generalized fear to other fuzzy objects
48
Operant Conditioning
certain responses are learned because they operate on, or affect, the environment
49
Skinner box
hungry animal placed in box and presses bar when receives food pellet
50
shaping
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response
51
PR NR PP NP
PR- positive stimulus, more behavior NR- Removal of negative stimulus, more behavior PP- Negative stimulus, Less behavior NP- Removal of positive stimulus, Less behavior
52
Continuous and intermittent reinforcement
Continuous- consequences every time | Intermittent- consequences some times
53
FR VR FI VI
FR- reinforcement for fixed proportion VR- Reinforcement for unpredictable proportion FI- Reinforcement for fixed amount of time VI- Reinforcement for inconsistent amount of time
54
Intrinsic vs Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic- pursuit for external rewards | Intrinsic- Pursuit of activity for its own sake
55
Over justification effect
Too much reward= undermines intrinsic motivation
56
Observational learning
learning by observing the behavior of others
57
Bandura dolls
Adult actor showed agressive acts toward dolls and children copied
58
Sensory, Short-term and long term
Sensory- system that holds information for a fraction of a second Short-term memory- for information that is available to consciousness for about 20-30 seconds Long-term memory- unlimited capacity
59
Explicit vs Implicit memory
Explicit- conscious recollection of material | Implicit- not in mind but expressed in behavior
60
Craik and Tulving level of processing
information can be processed at different depths Shallow- superficial Deep- meaning
61
Context-dependent vs State-dependent
Context- Environment | State- Physical or mental state
62
Anterograde vs Retrograde
anterograde- new information not maintained | Retrograde- can't remember information from before head injury
63
Eyewitness tesitmony
Is not reliable because there is a high mistake of mistakes and misremembering
64
Representatives, availability, simulation heuristics
Representatives- tendency to see someone belonging to particular group Availability- Strategy for making judgements based on how easility specific kinds of information can be brought to mind Simulation- tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by the ease with one can image it
65
Positive outcomes to bilingualism
Greater cognitive flexibility, outperform students in upper grades, executive control, different brain activation
66
Fixed and growth mindset
Fixed- performance is assumed to reflex ability that is unchangeable Growth- performance is assumed to reflect effort that is modifiable
67
Maslows hierachy of needs
ascends from basic biological needs to more complex psychological motivations
68
self-actualization
to find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential
69
Misattribution of arousal
Fear can be confused for arousal can can enhance it
70
Facial feedback hypothesis
act of forming a facial expression elicits the corresponding emotion

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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