Exam 1 Flashcards
(194 cards)
0
Q
Social Darwinism
A
The loosely used term referring to social philosophies based on Darwinian evolutionism
1
Q
Synthetic philosophy
A
Ideas by Herbert Spencer of philosophy based on the idea that homogeneity is involving to heterogeneity everywhere
2
Q
Creationism
A
The view that biological species are divinely created and do not evolve
3
Q
Jean Lamarck
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Proposition of biological evolution is controlled by traits acquired in one generation and passed to the next generation
4
Q
Vitalism
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The idea that biological evolution self-motivated or willed
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Q
Thomas H Huxley
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Compared human and ape skeletons to compile evidence for human evolution
6
Q
Sublimate
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Sigmund Freud
We channeling desires into culturally acceptable thoughts and behaviors
7
Q
Imperial synthesis
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19th-century synthesis of archaeology racism and colonialism
8
Q
Paleolithic/Old stone age
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Characterized by chipped and flaked stone tools, hunting and gathering
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Q
Neolithic
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Prehistory characterized by Polished stone tools and the domestication of animals and plants
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Q
Stone age
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Old Stone Age or Paleolithic
New Stone Age or Neolithic
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3 age system
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Stone, bronze, and Iron Age
12
Q
Criteria of form
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The criteria that determines that similar cultural characteristics are the result of diffusion
13
Q
Anthropological geography
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Friedrich Ratzel
The study of relationships among geographically contiguous cultures
14
Q
Culture circle
Kulturkreis
A
The pattern of diffusion of cultural traits
15
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Heliocentrism
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The diffusion view of cultures that world civilizations arose from sun worship in Egypt and then spread elsewhere
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Psychic unity
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The doctrine that all people have the same capacity for change
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Sympathetic magic
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Magic that can affect an object through a similar object
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Polytheism
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The belief in multiple deities
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Q
Adhesions
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Edward Burnett Taylor
Cultural traits that are significantly associated
20
Q
Survivals
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Edward Burnett Taylor
Nonfunctional cultural traits that are clues to the past
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Q
Anima
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An indivisible and diffuse supernatural force that can take the form of souls or ghosts.
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Transmigration
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To pass into another body after death
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Q
Armchair anthropologists
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Anthropologists that have little to no field work
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Exogamy
The practice of marrying or mating outside one's kinship group
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Polyandry
Marriage between one woman and more than one man
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Female infanticide
The practice of treating male babies more favorable resulting in higher female deaths
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Contract societies
Henry Maine
| Societies that stress individualism, hold property in private and maintain control by legal sanctions
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Social societies
Henry Maine
| Societies that are family oriented hold property in common and maintain control by social sanctions
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Consanguine
A family type based on a group marriage between brothers and sisters
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Cross cousins
Cousins related through parents of the opposite sex
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Descriptive
A type of kinship system that splits kinship categories
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Classificatory
A type of kinship that merges kinship categories
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Neo-evolutionists
20th century anthropologists who reviewed and reformed 19th century classical cultural evolutionalism
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Classical cultural evolutionism
The theoretical orientation of 19th century cultural evolutionists who uses the comparative method
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Vulgar materialists
A label for cultural materialists who ignore dialectical thinking
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Structural Marxists
Proponents of a critical blend of Marxism dialectical philosophy and French structural anthropology
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Dictatorship of the proletariat
In the theory of dialectical materialism the temporary phase of political organization leading to permanent communism
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Labor theory of value
The proposition of Karl Marx that things should be valued in terms of the human labor required to produce them
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Proletariat
The working class in Marxism
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Dialectical
Friedrich Hegel
| Formulation of historical change as proceeding in the form of thesis antithesis and synthesis
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Ruling class
The class that determines the means of production
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Primitive communism
The view that some past people's lived in a state to which future communism will return
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Means of production
How people make a living in the material world
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Materialism
The belief that humans existence determines human consciousness
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Marxism
A collection of views derived from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and their theory of dialectical materialism
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Dialectical materialism
THe philosophy if Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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Mechanical philosophy
The philosophy inspired by the law of universal gravitation portraying the universe as a complex machine with fine tuned interactive parts.
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Enlightenment
The period of 18th century intellectual history proceeding the French Revolution
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Mechanics
The medieval science of motion
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Cosmology
The branch of philosophy concerned with the origin and structure of the universe
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British empiricism
The scientific epistemology of induction fashioned by philosophers Frances Bacon and John Locke
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Induction
The process of arriving at generalizations about particular facts
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Positivism
The view that science is objective and value free
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French rationalism
The intellectual tradition associated with Rene Descartes and the scientific epistemology of deduction
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Cartesian definition
Radical dualism between mind and matter body and soul and subject and object.
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Deduction
The use of logic to reason from general to particular statements
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Epistemology
The branch of philosophy that explored the nature if knowledge
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Polygensis
The idea that human races are separate species with separate origins and innate differences
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Monothesis
The idea that human races constitute a single species with a common origin with differences produced Over time
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Natural children
The idea that primitive people are capable of improvement and conversion to Christianity
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Natural slaves
The conception if primitive peoples as innately imperfect and subservient to European Christians
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Antipodes
Opposites or people in opposite sides of the world
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Original son
The Christian idea that early sin resulted in the expulsion of humanity from the garden of Eden
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Tabula rosa
The Ida that the mind acquires knowledge through experience rather than recognizing that knowledge is innate
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Cultural relativism
The proposition that cultural differences should not be judged by absolute standards
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Dialectical materialism
The philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels called Marxism
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Social statics
The study of social stability. Auguste Comte believed that social science should enter the positive phrase which included social dynamics and social statics
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Social dynamics
The study of social change
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Auguste Comte
Wrote the course of positive philosophy. Believed that all brands of knowledge pass through teleological metaphysical and positive stages.
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Positivism
The idea of an absolute truth
| Auguste Comte
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Volksgeist
Spirit of the people
| According to some early theorists the ethnographic essence of a people
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Pietistic
Pertaining to piety or religious reverence and devotion
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Bourgeoisie
The middle class in Marxism
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Savagery, barbarism, and civilization
Lewis Henry Morgan's three part scheme for the universal evolution of humanity
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Universal historians
Enlightenment thinkers who prompted laws of human history
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Comparative method
The use if existent people's to represent extinct primitive peoples
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Noble savagery
The romanticism of primitive life
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Believed that people were happier in the past.
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Theistic
The view that god creates the universe and remains active in its day to day operations
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Deistic
The view that god created the universe but remains relatively uninvolved in its day to day operations
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Monotheistic
To seek explanationary generalizations and laws
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Geisteswissenschaften
Human sciences
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Naturwissenschaften
Natural sciences
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Southwest school
A group of German philosophies who differentiated human sciences and natural sciences
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Cephalon index
The measures ratio of head breath to head length used in 19th century racial classifications
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Historical particularism
Franz Boaz
Historical particularism rhetorical orientation of franz Boaz and many of his students who focused on the histories of particular cultures
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Salvage ethnography
Ethnology motivated by the need to obtain information about cultures threatened with extinction of assimilation
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Great man theory history
The theory that individuals affect the course of history more than historical circumstances
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Super organic
The idea that culture is distinct from and above biology
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Idiographic
Seeking descriptions or particular events
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Ethnicscience
The collection of methods used in cognitive anthropology
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Sapir-whorf hypothesis
Proposition that the structure of language conditions the nature of cultural meaning
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Diachronic
Historically oriented or concerned with the part
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Synchronic
Concerned with the present more than the past
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Parole
F. De Saussure
| Reference to language as actually used in speech. Abstract structural system of language or langue
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Langue
Ferdinand de Saussure
| Reference to language as an abstract system that can be studied independently of actual speech ( parole)
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Polysemous
Having more that one meaning or significance
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Signified
Ferdinand de Saussure
One of the two units making up the sign the concept generated in our minds when represented by a sound or image, the signifier
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Signifier
Ferdinand de Saussure
| One of the two units making up the sign the word or image that represents a concept or the signified
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Sign
Ferdinand de Saussure
The pair formed in the relation of a signifier to a signified, the essence of relations among meaningful units In a language
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Historical linguistics
The study of language consisting in the reconstruction and descriptive tracking of language genealogies over time
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Postmodernism
A movement within the social sciences and humanities that questions the possibility of impartiality, objectivity, or authoritative knowledge
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Political economy
Viewing sociocultural form at the local level as penetrated and influenced by global capitalism
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Cosmological order
A religious phase describing the nature of otherworldly dieties or powers and their relationships to human beings
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Rationalized
Max weber
| Evolved through systematization of ideas corresponding norms of behaviorism and motivational commitment to those norms
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Calvinist Protestantism
John Calvin
The Christian doctrines and practices traced to John Calvin that oppose Roman Catholicism on the basis of scripture and justification by faith
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Charismatic prophets
Max weber
| Individuals that experience a revelation that mandate the establishment of new social order based on ethical ideas
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Inner worldly asceticism
Max weber
| The ethical demand of Calvinist Protestantism that Christians not retreat from the world in order to live piously
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Salvation
Max weber
| Escape from Worley capriciousness and evil through social arrangements rationalized in accordance with a divine plan
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Theodicy
Max weber
| Explains how there is evil in the world despite the existence of god.
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Idealistic
Looking to ideas and meanings rather than materiel conditions as the well spring of a culture
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Agency
Creative acts of intentioned individuals that generate social form and meaning
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Profane
Routine mundane impure and of the world
| Emilie Durkheim
113
Sacred
That which is pure powerful and supernatural
| Emilie Durkheim
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Elementary structures
In French structural anthropology, universal mental logics and their cultural manifestations
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Anomie
Emilie Durkheim
| The sense of personal alienation caused by the absence if familiar social norms
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Elementary forms
Emile Durkheim
| The equivalent of collective representations similar to elementary structures
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Collective unconsciousness
| Group mind
Emile Durkheim
| The source if collective representations of social facts
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Collective representations
Manifestations of the collective consciousness or group mind.
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Social facts
Emile Durkheim
| Social phenomena, units of sociological analysis.
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Organic solidarity
Emile Durkheim
| Social cohesion maintained by differences and inter dependence among individuals.
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Mechanical solidarity
Emile Durkheim
| Social cohesion maintained by similarities among individuals.
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British social anthropology
The school of structuralism and functionalism led by Alfred Reginald Radcliffe brown and bronislaw Malinowski
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French structural anthropology
Claude levi-Strauss
| Invokes elementary mental structures reciprocity and binary oppositions
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Reality principle
Sigmund Freud
| The principle of realizing that acting on the pleasure principle is dangerous and immature.
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Primal Patricide
Frued's ideas that that the killing of the father by sons in the hypothetical primeval family
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Neptunists
Geologists that proposed that the agent if major geological change was the subsidence of water
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Vulcanists
Thought that major geological changes were caused by the elevation of land brought about by volcanic heat.
128
Carolus Linnaeus
Naturalist who classified the genus homo within the animal kingdom.
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Swamping effect
The observation that small variations would always by diluted by heredity and therefore could not increase or intensify through natural selection.
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Biogenetic law
the principle that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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Orthogenesis
The idea that biological evolution operates on one direction and usually leads to Homo sapiens
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Ontogeny
Biological growth of an individual
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Phylogeny
Evolutionary growth of a species
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Teleology
The idea that biological evolution adheres to a long term purpose or goal
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Pleasure principle
Sigmund Freud
| Living as directed by the Id
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Racial memory
Freud
| Subsconsciousness awareness of the history of the human psyche
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Psyche
Subconsciousness encompassing everything else.
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Id
Natural desires
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Ego
Psyche that interacts with the world
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Superego
Conscience; monitors the Id and mediates between the ego and outside world.
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Configurationalism
The search for cultural patterns
142
Psychological anthropology
Concerned with the relationship between cultures and personalities
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Enculturation
The process of an individual acquiring culture especially while growing up.
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Gestalt
A psychological on figuration attributed by some psychological anthropologists to an entire culture
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National character
According to certain psychological anthropologists the dominant personality of a nation.
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Culture at a distance
The study of cultures without fieldwork. Practiced during WWII
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Variables
Carefully defined units of an analysis that can be manipulated statistically and yield correlations.
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Freudian anthropology
The school of psychological anthropology incorporating certain elements of the psychology of sigmund Freud
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Primary cultural institutions
In psycho-dynamics anthropology , institutions that affect how children are raised and that shape basic personality structures.
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Secondary cultural institutions
Social institutions that are projections of basic personality structures and help people cope with the world
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Basic personality structure
Core personality shaped by primary cultural institutions and projected onto secondary cultural institutions.
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Psychodynamic
Pertaining to the school of psychological anthropology that adopted certain elements of the psychology of sigmund Freud. Often called Freudian anthropology.
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Maintenance systems
The equivalent of primary cultural institutions without Freudian components.
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Projective systems
Secondary cultural institutions without Freudian components. Model of John whiting and Irvin child
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Personality variables
Basic personality structures without Freudian components.
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Niccolo Machiavelli
Lived during the renaissance
Analyzed political power and organization.
Described how things are (not how they should be.)(Plato)
The end justifies the means.
157
Plato
Every person has a specific role in life.
Presented what a republic should look like.
Recorded societies change over time.
158
Aristotle
Plato's student.
| Agreed with social change but was more empirical. Beginning of historical particularism.
159
Thomas Aquinas
Believed that natives were imperfect and therefore natural salves.
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Bartolome de las Casas
Redefined natives to be natural children. Allowing room for Christian salvation.
161
Rene Descartes
I think, therefore I am.
Emphasized doubt and skepticism for tools of thinking.
We have no proof of our existence.
162
Auguste Comte
Created positivism
| Believed in theological metaphysical and positive stages of knowledge.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
Speculated on human change through time.
Concluded the ideas of noble savagery
Early application of the comparative method.
164
Karl Marx
Dialectical materialism- argues that historical change is occurring in thesis antithesis and synthesis patterns.
Means of production, capitalism, modes of production, and social classes.
165
Edward Burnett Taylor
Coined definition of culture.
Idealist definition
Father of modern cultural anthropology
Adhesions and survivals.
166
Lewis Henry Morgan
Belief in the fundamental shift from savages to barbarism to civilization.
167
True or false
| Deduction is an epistemology that refers to the use of logic to reason from general to particular statement s
True
168
Which of these would not be considered an ideal of the enlightenment
Piety
Progress
Reason
Piety
169
Giambattista Vico
| Three stages of human development
Gods
Heroes
Men
170
Agitate Comte thought that the social sciences had yet to pass to the positivism stage
True or false
True
171
True or false
| Ferdinand de Saussure describes language as a system of signs in which speech communicates
True
172
True or false
| According to Saussure a sign which does not communicate meaning to a community of speakers can still be relevant.
False
173
Saussure considered langue to be the most important aspect of linguistic study. Why would the other aspect of parole also be important?
Saussure was more conceded with studying language in its entirety which would be langue.
174
True or false
| Saussure emphasized a synchronic study of language
True
175
Darwin
Darwinian evolution
| Natural selection.
176
Sigmund Freud
Studied human behavior
Concept of I'd ego and superego
Stages of psychosexuality
177
Charles Lyell
Principle of uniformitarism
178
Emile Durkheim
```
Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity
Group consciousness
Collective consciousness
Social facts.
Elementary forms and structures. Sacred and profane.
```
179
Comparison contrast between Durkheim and Max Weber
Shared division of labor ideas.
Equality of social classes, where ideas of the world come from
Different because Marxism believed that capitalism would break down and develop into communism.
Marx- conflict between groups
Durkheim - stability of social systems.
180
Max weber
```
Created the holistic individual that acts on his own. Thought of as ideational and sharply contested with Marxism
Relatively nonprivileged
Religion ritual and salvation.
Inner wordly asceticism
Charismatic prophets
```
181
Max weber vs. Karl Marx
Weber focused on the importance of the individual and Marx thinks of people as drones.
182
Friedrich Ratzel
Extreme views about diffusionism. Kulturkreis or culture circle
183
Ferdinand de Saussure
Emphasized the synchronic study of language and how it worked as a system of communication.
184
Janice Boddy
Studies myth ritual structuralism and cultural symbolism. Studied women and language systems.
185
Grounded eclecticism
The greatest ethnographic insights come from careful listening and writing to assemble ethnographic data to reveal the analysis they contain.
186
Franz Boaz
```
Most important anthropologist of the 20th century.
Four field approach.
Co founder of AAA
Historical particularism
Cephalic index
```
187
Ruth Benedict
Configurationism
| Compared three different cultures to determine that culture strongly influenced personality development.
188
Configurationism
Looking for cultural patterns and cultural personalities.
189
Robert Louie
Determined that there is no one determinant of culture.
190
Margaret Mead
Studied young women in Somoa
191
Zora Neale Hurston
Black woman who was a writer turned anthropologist who evaluated her own culture.
192
Ralph Linton
Studied under Boaz
| Covered status and roles. Ascribed vs. achieved.
193
British
| French outlook
Induction
| Deduction
