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History Of Anthropology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Binary oppositions

A

French structural anthropology

The universal logic of dualities.

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1
Q

Reciprocity

A

Marcel Mauss

the elementary principle of exchanging gifts. According to Levi Strauss it is the principle of exchanging women.

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2
Q

Prague school

A

A school of linguists based in Prague that pioneered the analysis of phonemes

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3
Q

Phonemes

A

Minimally contrasting pairs of sounds that create linguistic meaning.

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4
Q

Restricted exchange

A

Claude Levi Strauss

The exchange of women between two kinship groups.

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5
Q

Generalized exchange

A

Claude Levi Strauss

The exchange of women among more than two kinship groups promoting greater social solidarity then restricted exchange.

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6
Q

Matrilineal cross cousins

A

Marriage to a child of ones mothers brother.

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7
Q

Patrilateral cross cousin marriage

A

Marriage to a child of ones fathers sister.

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8
Q

Oscillating equilibrium

A

Edmund leach

Term for the continuing existence of social structure. Even against the backdrop of constant social change.

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9
Q

Oscillating equilibrium

A

Edmund leach

The continuing existence of social structure even against the backdrop of constant social change

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10
Q

Purity

A

Mary Douglass
The ideal of a seamless social order symbolically excluding that which threatens a societies basic categories of understanding

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11
Q

Pollution

A

Mary Douglass

Aspects of the world unexplained by a society’s basic categories of understanding thereby threatening social order.

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12
Q

Formalists

A

Economic anthropologists who maintained that western economic concepts apply to non western economies.

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13
Q

Substantivists

A

Economic anthropologists who maintained that western economic concepts do not apply to non-western economies.

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14
Q

Structure if the conjuncture

A

Marshall Sahlin
Phrase describing the space of intersection between different cultural structures where contingency produces historical change.

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15
Q

Lono

A

Precolonial Hawaii

A god responsible for fertility and fecundity

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16
Q

Solipsism

A

The idea that the individual self is the only reality and that the external world exists only in one’s imagination.

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17
Q

Structuralism

A

British social anthropology
The synchronic concern with social structure, sometimes called social morphology
French social anthropology
The concern withy the elementary forms of minds and cultures.

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18
Q

Functionalism

A

British social anthropology
Alfred Reginald brown–theory of how parts of a society contribute to the whole of a society
Bronislaw Malinowski–theory of how culture responds to biological needs in a hierarchically organized way.

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19
Q

Structural-functionalism

A

British social anthropology

The synchronic concern with social structure and social function.

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20
Q

Organismic analogy

A

Linking society to an organism

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21
Q

Social morphology

A

According to the organismic analogy, the study of social structure.
British social anthropology

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22
Q

Social physiology

A

According to the organismic analogy, the study if social function.

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23
Q

Social structure

A

The social matrix of behavior. Sometimes called social morphology

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24
Social function
The contribution of a part of society to the whole of society Sometimes called social physiology. British social anthropology.
25
Genealogical method
The method of focusing ethnographic fieldwork on kinship. William h. R. Rivers
26
Lineages
Multi-generational kinship groups with membership determined by ties to common ancestors
27
Participant-observation
Style of fieldwork requiring the fieldworker to see things both from the native and the fieldworkers point of view.
28
Symbolic anthropology
Victor Turner E. e. Evans Pritchard The view that social solidarity is a function of the systems of symbolic logic that connect people.
29
Colonial encounter
Colonial encounter between European colonizers and the indigenous peoples of the world who were then often marginalized or oppressed by colonialism.
30
Rhodes-living stone institute
A research institute in Zambia that conducted much ethnographic research in the final years of browsing colonialism and was later called the Zambian national research institute.
31
Social process
Late structural functionalism idea that social change as the ongoing creation of a fluid, dynamic social structure.
32
Manchester school
Anthropologists trained under max gluckman at Manchester university in the. 50s and 60s.
33
Copperbelt
Max Gluckman did work in the region of central Zambia and the democratic republic of Congo
34
Rituals of rebellion
A phase coined by max gluckman to describe the socially constructive role of ritual in helping avoid real conflict.
35
Descent group
Individuals who perceive themselves to be descended from a real or hypothetical ancestor.
36
Indirect rule
The British colonial policy of co-opting native leaders in order to avoid having to govern by force.
37
Ethnolinguistics
The linguistically orientated research methods of cognitive anthropology
38
New ethnography
A name for cognitive anthropology focusing in the methodologies of ethnoscience and ethnolinguistics
39
Semantic domain
A mental domain of cultural meaning they is the focus of inquiry in cognitive anthropology
40
Componental analysis
A research technique if cognitive anthropologists use to generate good taxonomies of semantic domains.
41
Folk taxonomies
According to cognitive anthropologists, culturally conditioned maps if semantic domains
42
Culturology
Leslie white's name for the monotheistic study of culture.
43
New archaeology
The nomothetic archaeology advocated by Lewis binford. | Also called processual archaeology
44
Phonetics
The study of linguistic sounds that create meaning.
45
Phonemics
The study of linguistic meaning created by sounds
46
Cultural neo-evolutionism
20th century cultural evolutionism, a revival and reformulation of past thoughts.
47
Thermodynamics
The study if conversion if energy in the universe. The fundamental part of culturology as expressed in the second law of thermodrnamics
48
Second law of thermodynamics
The scientific proposition that the universe is running down thereby increasing disorder or entropy
49
Entropy
Disorder in the universe.
50
Thermodynamic law
E x T > P Energy times technology yields cultural product. Leslie white
51
Layer-cake model of culture
Leslie white Model of culture with technology and economy at the bottom, ideology at the top, and social and political organization in between.
52
Cultural ecology
The examination of interactions between cultural and environmental variables
53
Adaption
Variable of cultural ecology The result of cultures adjusting to environments Aka. Natural selection
54
Band
The simplest form if human social organization, placed in evolutionary sequence before the tribe, chiefdom, and state
55
Potlatch
A Pacific Northwest native ceremony characterized by conspicuous exchange and consumption of goods.
56
Universal
Pertaining to a single scheme for global cultural evolution; contrasted with miltilineal and unilineal evolution.
57
Multilineal
Max weber Culture change occurring in fits and starts in different historical contexts. According to Julian steward, "branching" cultural evolution.
58
Unilineal
Pertaining to the view that cultural evolution proceeds along the same lines everywhere, as in classical cultural evolution.
59
Functionalist archaeology
Archaeology practices in accordance with the theory of functionalism
60
Marxist archaeology
Archaeology practices in accordance with the principles of Marxism
61
Culture-historical archaeology
Archaeology practices in the era if franz Boas's historical particularism
62
Midwestern taxonomic method
The archaeological classification used in cultural-historical archaeology
63
Ethos
A term meaning spiritual character, used by some anthropologists to characterize a whole culture
64
Hypothetico-deductive method
A philosophical model for scientific explanation used in new archaeology
65
General systems
A cybernetic model for culture used in the new archaeology. | Involves feedback loops and positive or system-maintaining and negative or system-changing cause-and-effect chains.
66
Processual archaeology
A name post-processual archaeologists use for nomothetic new archaeology
67
Post-processualists
Archaeologists critical if the new archaeology also called contextual archaeologists
68
Cultural materialism
The theory if Marvin Harris that distinguishes Emic from Etic perspectives and mental from behavioral domains and that advocated infrastructural determinism
69
False consciousness
In the theories of Marxism and cultural materialism, the capability of people to misrepresent the meaning of their behavior to themselves and others
70
Universal pattern
In cultural materialism, the levels if culture-infrastructure, structure, and superstructure with Emic and Etic and mental behavioral dimensions
71
Infrastructural determinism
Marvin Harris theory of cultural materialism. The name for the belief that culture change usually begins in the Etic infrastructure
72
Idealists
According to Marvin Harris, followers of cultural idealism. The misguided belief that culture change usually begins in the Emic superstructure
73
Eclectics
According to Marcia Harris , anthropologists who are sometimes culture materialists and other times cultural idealists

History Of Anthropology (3 decks)

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