What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific hypothesis?
Hypothesis- a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon, or a reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena.
Theory- a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors
What is the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic- complex, have membrane-enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic- simple, lack the membrane-enclosed organelles
List the steps of the scientific method
- observation
- hypothesis
- experiment/test
- result
- conclusion
Molly leaves for school at 7:00am. Molly is always on time. Molly, assumes, then, that she will be on time if she leaves at 7:00am. This is known as what kind of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning - proceeds from the specific to the general
Give an example of:
a) an element
b) a trace element
c) an essential element
a) Na, K, Li, Mg
b) C, N, O
c) Fe, I, Zn
Name 7 characteristics that all living organisms share
- order
- evolutionary adaptation
- response to the environment
- reproduction
- energy processing
- regulation
- growth and development
What bond results from unequal sharing of electrons?
Covalent bond
In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
Polar covalent bonds
What allows hydrogen bonds to form?
when a partially postive hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond is attracted to a partially negative atom in another polar covalent bond
Relative to other temperatures, water tends to resist changes in temperature. Why?
Water is highly cohesive. Its molecules tend to resist increases in motion. When water is heated, some of the energy is used to disturb the hydrogen bonds bonds between neighboring molecules.
Why does ice float?
Because it is less dense than water
The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are _______
Hydrogen bonds
Water is a polar molecule. This means that _____
it cam form hydrogen bonds with each other
What are buffers?
a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components
What are polymers made of?
monomers
the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water
dehydration synthesis
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
polymers of carbohydrates
polysaccharides
carbohydrate linkage
glycosidic linkage
monomers of lipids
fatty acids and glycerol
polymers of lipids
triaclyglycerols
Lipid linkage
Ester linkage
monomers of proteins
amino acids
polymers of proteins
polypeptide
protein linkage
peptide bonds
monomers of nucleic acids
amino acids
polymers of nucleic acids
polynucleotides
Nucleic Acid linkage
phosphodiester linkages
Of what are fatty acids composed?
three fatty acids and one glycerol
Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?
A) proteins function best at certain temperatures
B) Enzymes tend to be globular in shape
C) Proteins have 4 distinct levels of structure and many functions
D) Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally
D) Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally
The R-group, or side chain, of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The R-group of the amino acid leucine is -CH2-CH-(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?
Serine would be in the interior, and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
Which molecule is amphipathic?
Amino acid
You have isolated a liquid from a sample of beans. You add the liquid to a beaker of water and shake vigorously. After a few minutes, the water and the other liquid separate into two layers. To which class of biological macromolecules does the unknown liquid most likely belong?
lipids
assist in the proper folding of other proteins
chaperonin
tendency of atoms to prefer 8 electrons in their outer shell (chemically stable/”happy”)
octet rule
forms when atoms share electrons in order to satisfy the octet rule
covalent bond
