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BIO 1510 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

independent variable goes on the

A

x axis

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2
Q

dependent variable goes on the

A

y axis

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3
Q

the science of life

A
  • Bio unifies natural science
  • Living systems are most complex chem systems on Earth
  • Life is constrained by properties of chem and physics
  • Science is becoming more interdisciplinary
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4
Q

7 characteristics of living organisms

A
  1. Made up of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Responds to environment
    - homeostasis: Temp, pH, O2 content
  4. Able to grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use e
  6. Maintain internal balance
    - pH levels in body
  7. Allows evolutionary adaptation
    * Must have ALL 7 characteristics to be considered a living organism
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5
Q

cellular level

A
  • Simplest form of matter: atom

- Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell

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6
Q

Organismal level

A
  • Tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
  • Organ systems: cardiovascular, nervous, pulmonary, digestive, etc.
  • Combine organ systems to make an organ
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7
Q

Populational level

A
  • Population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere (Earth is an ecosystem we call the biosphere)
  • We have 23 chromosomes
  • All cells have 46 chromosomes except germ cells
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8
Q

Each level has __

A

emergent properties

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9
Q

emergent properties

A
  • Result from interaction of components
  • Cannot be deduced by looking at parts alone
  • “Life” is an emergent property
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10
Q

science starts with __

A

observations

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11
Q

much of science is __ ___

A

purely descriptive

  • Classification system of all life on Earth
  • Domain, Kingdom, etc.
  • Human genome sequencing
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12
Q

deductive reasoning

A

Using general principles to make particular predictions

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13
Q

inductive reasoning

A

Uses particular observations to form general conclusions

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14
Q

systemic approach of understanding

A 
Observation
Hypothesis formation
Prediction
Experimentation
Conclusion
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15
Q

the scientific method

A

Observation
Make a hypothesis
Test hypothesis thru experiment
Prove or disprove hypothesis

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16
Q

hypothesis

A

a possible explanation for an observation

  • Must be tested to determine valid or not
  • Often tested in several diff ways
  • Allows predictions
  • Iterative; can be changed and revised w new data
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17
Q

experiment

A
  • Test hypothesis
  • Must be carefully designed
  • Test only 1 variable at a time
  • Consists of a test experiment & control experiment
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18
Q

predictions

A
  • Hypotheses make predictions
  • Predictions provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses
  • More supported predictions from experiment, more valid the hypothesis
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19
Q

philosophical approach to science

A
  • Reductionism

- Systems biology

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20
Q

reductionism

A

breaking a complicated process down into more simple parts

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21
Q

systems biology

A

focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts

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22
Q

models in science

A
  • Way to organize thought
  • Parts provided by reductionist approach
  • Shows how they fit together
  • Suggests experiments to test model
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23
Q

scientific theory

A
  • Body of interconnected concepts
  • Supported by a lot of experimental evidence and scientific reasoning
  • Expresses ideas that we are certain of the most
  • compared to general meaning of theory: Implies lack of knowledge or a guess
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24
Q

evolution is a __

A

theory

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25
Q

prehistoric

A

before man

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26
Q

Darwin and evolution

A
  • Example of how a scientist develops a hypothesis and theory gains acceptance
  • Charles Darwin was a naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal South America
  • 30 yrs of observing and studying b4 publishing On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
  • Galapagos Islands trip was most famous
  • Darwin wasn’t first to propose evolution
  • Living things have changed over time
  • His contribution was a mechanism
  • Darwin studied Thomas Malthus’s An Essay On the Principle of Population
  • Darwin saw that although every organism has the potential to produce more offspring, only a limited number do survive and reproduce themselves
  • evidence supporting his theory has grown
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27
Q

Darwin’s Galapagos Islands trip

A
  • Darwin’s finches
  • Darwin saw characteristics of similar species varied in each place
  • 14 related species differ slightly
  • Defined evolution as “Descent with modification”
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28
Q

natural selection

A

nature imposes its will on an organism so only organisms that adapted will be able to survive in that environment

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29
Q

what was Darwin’s mechanism called?

A

natural selection

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30
Q

fossil record

A

Transitional forms found at predicted positions in time

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31
Q

Earth’s age

A
  • Physicists of Darwin’s time were wrong

- Earth is very old (4.5 billion years old)

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32
Q

mechanism for heredity

A

Mendel’s laws of inheritance were unknown to Darwin

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33
Q

vertebrate forelimbs

A

all share the same basic array of bones

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34
Q

homologous structure

A

same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

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35
Q

analogous structure

A

structures of different origin used for the same purpose (butterfly and bird wings)

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36
Q

molecular evidence

A
  • Compare genomes or proteins of different organisms

- Phylogenetic trees

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37
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

based on tracing the origin of specific nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history (ex: hemoglobin polypeptide sequence)

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38
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All organisms composed of cells
  2. Cells are life’s basic units
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
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39
Q

molecular basis of inheritance

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s information
  • Gene– discrete unit of information
  • Genome– entire set of DNA instructions
  • Continuity of life depends on faithful copying of DNA into daughter cells
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40
Q

structure and function

A

Study structure to learn function
Ex: Receptor on human cell for insulin known
Find similar molecule in a worm
Might conclude this molecule functions the same in the worm

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41
Q

diversity of life arises by evolution

A
  • Underlying unity of biochemistry and genetics argues for life from the same origin event
  • Diversity due to evolutionary change over time
  • 3 domains
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42
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria: single-celled prokaryote
Archaea: single-celled prokaryote
Eukarya: single-celled or multicellular eukaryote

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43
Q

evolutionary conservation

A
  • All organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA
  • Some characteristics preserved – use of DNA
  • Conservation reflects that they have a fundamental role
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44
Q

cells are info-processing systems

A
  • information in DNA used to direct synthesis of cellular components
  • Control of gene expression leads to different cells/ tissue types
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45
Q

cells process environ. info

A

Glucose levels, presence of hormones

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46
Q

Nonequilibrium state

A
  • Living systems are open systems
  • Constant supply of energy needed
  • Self-organizing properties at different levels
  • Emergent properties from collections of molecules, cells, and individuals
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47
Q

Cells in multicellular organisms must ___ with each other (tissues, organs, organ systems)

A

coordinate

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48
Q

nature of atoms

A
  • Matter has mass and occupies space
  • All matter is composed of atoms
  • Simplest form of matter is an atom
  • Everything is composed of atoms
  • Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of biological molecules
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49
Q

atomic structure

A

Protons
(+) charged particles
Located in nucleus

Neutrons
(0) neutral particles
Located in nucleus

Electrons
(-) charged particles
Found in orbitals SURROUNDING nucleus

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50
Q

Protons and neutrons make up the __ , the electrons are around the ___

A

nucleus

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51
Q

in a neutral atom,

A

of protons = # of electrons = # of neutrons

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52
Q

Orbital shells/rings have a max of __

A

2 e-

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53
Q

atomic number

A

of protons

  • also # of e-
  • atoms are electrically neutral
  • Every atom of an element has the same # of protons
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54
Q

element

A
  • Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means
  • Simplest form of an atom is an element
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55
Q

atomic mass

A

of neutrons + # of protons

  • Each proton and neutron has a mass of apprx 1 Dalton
  • units for mass: daltons
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56
Q

mass

A

refers to amnt of substance

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57
Q

weight

A

refers to force gravity exerts on a substance

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58
Q

ions

A

imbalance of e-

  • Ions and charged particles are UNBALANCED
  • Cation: MORE protons than electrons = net (+) charge
  • Anion: LESS protons than electrons = net (-) charge
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59
Q

isotopes

A

excess amnt of neutrons; imbalance in atom

  • Radioactive isotopes are UNSTABLE and emit radiation as the nucleus breaks up
  • Half-life: time it takes for ½ of the atoms in a sample to decay
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60
Q

e- arrangement

A
  • Key to the chemical behavior of an atom lies in the number & arrangement of its e- in their orbitals
  • Bohr model: e- in discrete orbits
  • Modern physics definition of an orbital: an area around a nucleus where an e- is most likely found
  • No orbital can have more than 2 e-
  • Neon is a noble gas
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61
Q

energy levels

A
  • E- have potential e related to their position
  • E- farther from nucleus have more e
  • K (2 e- max) is the closest orbital around nucleus, then L, M, N (8 e- max)
  • Rings determine an e- ENERGY; orbitals determine an e- LOCATION
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62
Q

redox

A
  • During some chem rxn, e- can be transferred from 1 atom to another
  • Need a balance
  • E- released from an atom, need to be picked up from another atom
  • Reduction oxidation rxn
  • Still retain the e of their position in the atom
  • Oxidation & Reduction
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63
Q

oxidation

A

LOSS of an e-

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64
Q

reduction

A

GAIN of an e-

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65
Q

Periodic table displays elements according to__

A

valence e-

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66
Q

valence e-

A

of e- in outermost e level

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67
Q

Inert (non-reactive) elements have ___ present

A

all 8 e-

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68
Q

octet rule

A

atoms tend to establish completely full outer e levels

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69
Q

periodic table of elements

A
  • Down the columns: same # of valence e-
  • C,O,H,N: 96% of all living organisms have these
  • Across rows: # of orbitals around nucleus
  • Top 12: H, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, C, N, O, P, S, CI
  • 90 naturally occurring elements
  • 12 are found in living organisms in substantial amnts
  • 4 elements make up 96% of human body weight
    COHN
  • Organic molecules contain primarily COHN
  • Some trace elements are v important
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70
Q

molecules

A

groups of atoms held together in a stable association

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71
Q

compounds

A

molecules containing more than 1 type of element

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72
Q

Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by __ __ (4 classes total)

A

CHEMICAL BONDS

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73
Q

ionic bonds

A
  • Formed by the attraction of opp charged ions
  • Gain or loss of e- forms ions
    a) Na atom loses an e- to become Na(+)
    b) Cl atom gains an e- to become Cl(-)
    c) Opp charges attract so that Na(+) and Cl(-) remain associated as an ionic compound
  • Electrical attraction of water molecules can disrupt forces holding ions together
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74
Q

covalent bonds

A
  • Form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons
  • Results in no net charge, satisfies octet rule, no unpaired electrons
  • Strength of covalent bond depends on the number of shared electrons
  • Many biological compounds are composed of more than - 2 atoms – may share electrons with 2 or more atoms
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75
Q

electronegativity

A
  • Atom’s affinity for electrons
  • Differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds
    a) Non-polar covalent bonds
    b) Polar covalent bonds
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76
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds

A

have equal sharing of electrons

77
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

have unequal sharing of electrons

78
Q

chemical rxns

A
  • Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds
  • Atoms shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of atoms
  • reactants and products
    6 H2O + 6 CO2 (reactants) ——> C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6 O2 (products)
  • Extent of chemical reaction
  • Many reactions are reversible
  • Increase reactants = increase the amnt of product being produced
  • A catalyst (a protein/enzyme) lowers e requirements needed for the rxn to take place
79
Q

Extent of chemical reaction influenced by

A

1 .Temperature

2. Concentration of reactants and products
3. Catalysts
80
Q

reactants

A

original molecules

81
Q

products

A

molecules resulting from rxn

82
Q

A __ lowers e requirements needed for the rxn to take place

A

catalyst

83
Q

water

A
  • Life is inextricably tied to water
  • 3 forms of water: s (ice), l (water), g (steam)
  • Single most outstanding chemical property of water is its ability to form hydrogen bonds
    a) Weak chemical associations that form between the partially negative O atoms and the partially positive H atoms of two water molecules
84
Q

polarity of water

A
  • Within a water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar
  • Polar bond
  • Oxygen is much more electronegative than Hydrogen
  • Partial electrical charges develop
    a) Oxygen is partially negative δ– (corrected)
    b) Hydrogen is partially positive δ+ (corrected)
85
Q

polar bond

A

oppositely charged attracted to one another

86
Q

hydrogen bonds

A
  • Cohesion
  • Attraction produces hydrogen bonds
  • Water to water mols attracted to one another
  • There are 3 forms of water: ice, water, and steam/vapor
  • O has a greater electronegative property than H
  • Each individual bond is weak and transitory
  • Cumulative effects are enormous
  • Responsible for many of water’s important physical properties
87
Q

cohesion

A

water mols stick to other WATER mols by H bonding

Water to water interactions

88
Q

adhesion

A

water mols stick to other POLAR mols by H bonding
Polar: a charge associated with it
Water to some other polar surface

89
Q

properties of water

A

1) Water has a high specific heat
- A large amount of energy is required to change the temperature of water
2) Water has a high heat of vaporization
3) Solid water is less dense than liquid water
4) Water is a good solvent
- Water dissolves polar molecules and ions
- Water is a POLAR MOLECULE
5) Water organizes non-polar molecules
- Non-polar molecule ex: oils
- Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic
- Water causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume specific shapes
6) Water can form ions
H2O —> OH(-) hydroxide ion + H(+) hydrogen ion

90
Q

pure water

A
  • [H+] of 10–7mol/L
  • Considered to be neutral pH
  • Neither acidic nor basic
  • Pure water has a pH of 7
  • pH ranges from 0-14
  • ½ of H ions of water is H, ½ of H ions are hydroxyls
91
Q

pH

A

the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of solution; ranges 0-14

92
Q

acid

A
  • Any substance that dissociates in water to increase the [H+] (and lower the pH)
  • Stronger an acid is, the more H+ ions it produces and the lower its pH
  • 0-6 is ACIDIC
93
Q

base

A
  • Substance that combines w/ H+ dissolved in water, and lowers the [H+]
  • 8-14 is BASIC
94
Q

buffers

A
  • Substance that resists changes in pH
  • Act by
    1) Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added
    2) Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added
  • Overall effect of keeping [H+] relatively constant
    1) Drink too much soda, bicarbonate that is produced in blood that’s gonna neutralize the acid so there isn’t too much acid
    2) Add base to a solution, it INCREASES the pH value
    3) Buffers maintain a moderate pH range
    4) Buffers maintain homeostasis
95
Q

biological buffers

A
  • Most biological buffers consist of a pair of molecules, one an acid and one a base
  • Carbonic acid can be converted to bicarbonate
96
Q

carbon

A
  • Framework of biological mols consists primarily of C bonded to
    a) Carbon
    b) O, N, S, P, or H
  • Can form up to 4 covalent bonds
  • C has 4 valence e- in its outermost layer
  • Hydrocarbons
97
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecule consisting ONLY of C and H
- Non-polar
- Functional groups add chemical properties
Ex: controlling ur car is a hydrocarbon; high E mol used to drive the engine

98
Q

amino group

A

ex: alanine

found in: proteins, nucleic acids

99
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

ex: cysteine

found in: proteins

100
Q

phosphate group

A

ex: glycerol phosphate

found in: nucleic acids

101
Q

methyl group

A

ex: alanine

found in: proteins

102
Q

hydroxyl group

A

ex: ethanol

found in: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

103
Q

carbonyl group

A

ex: acetaldehyde

found in: carbs, nucleic acids

104
Q

carboxyl group

A

ex: acetic acid

found in: proteins, lipids

105
Q

isomers

A
  • Mols with the same molecular or empirical formula
    a) Structural isomers
    b) Stereoisomers
    • Enantiomers
106
Q

Stereoisomers

A

differ in how groups attached

-Enantiomers

107
Q

Enantiomers

A
  • Mirror image molecules
  • Chiral
  • D-sugars and L-amino acids
108
Q

polymer

A

built by linking monomers

109
Q

monomer

A

small, similar chemical subunits

110
Q

major macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
111
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • starch, glycogen
    subunit: glucose
    function: e storage
    ex: potatoes
  • cellulose
    subunit: glucose
    function: structural support for plant cell walls
    ex: paper, strings of celery
  • chitin
    subunit: modified glucose
    function: structural support
    ex: crab shells
112
Q

proteins

A
  • functional
    subunit: amino acids
    function: catalysis, transport
    ex: hemoglobins
  • structural
    subunit: amino acids
    function: support
    ex: hair, silk
113
Q

nucleic acids

A
  • DNA
    subunit: nucleotides
    function: encodes genes
    ex: chromosomes
  • RNA
    subunit: nucleotides
    function: needed for gene expression
    ex: mRNA
114
Q

dehydration synthesis

A
  • Formation of large mols by the REMOVAL OF WATER

- monomers are joined to MAKE POLYMERS

115
Q

hydrolysis

A
  • Breakdown of large mols by the ADDITION OF WATER

- Polymers are BROKEN DOWN TO MONOMERS

116
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • Mols with a 1:2:1 ratio of C, H, O
  • Empirical formula (CH2O)n
  • C-H covalent bonds hold much E
  • Carbs are good e storage molecules
    Ex: sugars, starch, glucose
117
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • Simplest form of carbohydrate
  • 6 C sugars play important roles
  • Glucose (C6H12O6)
  • Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
  • Galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose
  • Enzymes that act on diff sugars can distinguish structural and stereoisomers of this basic 6 C skeleton
118
Q

disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
  • Used for:
    1) Sugar transport
    2) E storage
119
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • Long chains of monosaccharides
    1) Linked thru dehydration synthesis
  • E storage
    1) Plants use starch
    2) Animals use glycogen
  • Structural support
    1) Plants use cellulose
    2) Arthropods and fungi use chitin
120
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of life?

A

movement

121
Q

The process of inductive reasoning involves

A

the use of specific observations to develop general principles

122
Q

a hypothesis in bio is best described as

A

a possible explanation of an observation

123
Q

a scientific theory is

A

a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data

124
Q

the cell theory states that

A

all living things are made up of cells

125
Q

the molecule of DNA is important to biological systems bc

A

it encodes the info for making a new individual

126
Q

The organization of living systems is

A

hierarchical with cells at the base, and the biosphere at the top

127
Q

the idea of evolution

A

predated Darwin and Wallace

128
Q

the property that distinguishes an atom of one element (C, for example) from an atom of another element (O, for example) is

A

the number of protons

129
Q

if an atom has one valence e- - that is, a single e- in its outer e level- it will most likely form

A

an ionic bond

130
Q

an atom w a net (+) charge must have more

A

protons than e-

131
Q

the isotopes carbon-12 and carbon-14 differ in

A

the number of neutrons

132
Q

which of the following is NOT a property of the elements most commonly found in living organisms?

A

elements possess 8 e- in their outer e- level

133
Q

ionic bonds arise from

A

attractions between ions of app charge

134
Q

a solution with a high conc of hydrogen ions

A

is called an acid

135
Q
  1. how is a polymer formed from multiple monomers

57

A

by the removal of an -OH group and a hydrogen atom

136
Q

why are carbohydrates important molecules for e storage?

A

the C-H bonds found in carbs store e

137
Q

plant cells store e in the form of __, and animals cells store e in the form of __

A

starch, glycogen

138
Q

which carb would u find as part of a molecule of RNA?

A

ribose

139
Q

a molecule of DNA or RNA is a polymer of

A

nucleotides

140
Q

what makes cellulose diff from starch?

A

cellulose forms long filaments, and starch is highly branched

141
Q

what monomers make up a protein?

A

amino acids

142
Q

a triglyceride is a form of __ composed of __

A

lipid; fatty acids and glycerol

143
Q

u can use starch or glycogen as an e source, but not cellulose bc

A

starch and glycogen have similar structures

144
Q

which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

A

phosphodiester versus hydrogen bonds

145
Q

which part of an amino acid has the greatest influence on the overall structure of a protein?

A

the R group

146
Q

a mutation that alters a single amino acid within a protein can alter

A

the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of protein structure

147
Q

2 diff proteins have the same domain in their structure. from this way we can infer that they have

A

similar function

148
Q

what aspect of triglyceride structure accounts for their insolubility in water?

A

the non-polar C-H bonds in fatty acids

149
Q

the spontaneous formation of a lipid bilayer in an aqueous environment occurs bc

A
  • the polar head groups of the phospholipids can interact with water
  • the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids are hydrophobic
150
Q

which of the following atoms would u predict should form a positively charged ion (cation)?

A

Potassium (K)

151
Q

a molecule w/ polar covalent bonds would

A

be soluble in water

152
Q

hydrogen bonds are formed

A

when H is part of a polar bond

153
Q

if u shake a bottle of oil and vinegar then let it sit, it will separate into 2 phases bc

A

non polar oil is not soluble in water

154
Q

what is the significance of Pasteur’s experiment to test the germ hypothesis?

A

it demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells

155
Q

which of the following is NOT an example of reductionism?

A

an evaluation of the overall behavior of the cell

156
Q

how is the process of natural selection diff from artificial selection?

A

artificial selection is a result of human intervention

157
Q

if u found a fossil for a modern organism next to the fossil of a dinosaur, this would

A
  • have no bearing on evolution by natural selection

- indicate that dinosaurs may still exist

158
Q

the theory of evolution by natural selection is a good example of how science proceeds bc

A
  • it makes predictions that have been tested by a variety of approaches
  • it represents Darwin’s belief of how life has changed over time
159
Q

in which domain of life would u find only single-celled organisms?

A

bacteria and archaea

160
Q

evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is

A

important to the life of the organism

161
Q

nucleic acids

A
  • Monomers: nucleotides
    • Structure: sugar, phosphate, N base
    • Sugar is deoxyribose for DNA or ribose for RNA
  • N base include:
    • Purines (A and C) and pyrimidines (C,U,T)
  • Nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds
    1. DNA
    2. RNA
    3. Other nucleotides:
  • ATP
  • NAD+ and FAD+
162
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

  • Encodes info for aa sequence of proteins
  • Sequence of bases
  • Double helix shape- 2 polynucleotide strands connected by H bonds
  • Base pairing rule (A goes with T (or U for RNA); C goes with G)
163
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

  • RNA is similar to DNA except that it…
  • Has ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • Has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
  • Single polynucleotide strand
  • RNA uses info in DNA to specify sequence of aa in proteins
164
Q

ATP

A

type of nucleotide

(adenosine triphosphate): primary e currency of the cell

165
Q

NAD+ and FAD+

A

nucleotides

e- carriers for many cellular rxns

166
Q

proteins

A
  • functions
  • Composed of 1 or more long, unbranched chains
  • Each chain is a polypeptide
  • made up of amino acids
  • 4 levels of structure
  • additional structural characteristics
    1. motifs
    2. domains
    3. chaperones
    4. denaturation
167
Q

protein functions include..

A
  1. Enzyme catalysis
  2. Defense
  3. Transport
  4. Support
  5. Motion
  6. Regulation
  7. storage
168
Q

amino acid structure

A
  • Central C atom
  • Amino group
  • Carboxyl group
  • Single H
  • Variable R group
    • Amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis peptide bonds
169
Q

what are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
  4. quaternary
170
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

171
Q

secondary structure

A

interaction of groups in the peptide backbone
ß-sheet
a- helix

172
Q

tertiary structure

A

final folded shape of a globular protein

  • Stabilized by a number of forces
  • Final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain
173
Q

quaternary structure

A

arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein w/ 2 or more polypeptide chains

174
Q

proteins: motifs

A

Common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides
- Useful in determining the function of unknown proteins

175
Q

proteins: domains

A

Functional units within a larger structure

- Most proteins made of multiple domains that perform different parts of the protein’s function

176
Q

proteins: chaperones

A
  • Once thought newly made proteins folded spontaneously
  • Chaperone proteins help protein fold correctly
  • Deficiencies in chaperone proteins implicated in certain diseases
    • Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disorder
    • In some individuals, protein appears to have correct amino acid sequence but fails to fold
177
Q

proteins: denaturation

A
  • Protein loses structure and function
  • Due to environmental conditions
    1. pH
    2. Temp
    3. Ionic conc of solution
178
Q

lipids

A
  • Loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic
    • They are insoluble in water
  • High proportion of non-polar C—H bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic
    • Fats, oils, waxes, and even some vitamins
179
Q

fats

A
  • triglycerides

- fatty acids

180
Q

fats: triglycerides

A

Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

181
Q

fats: fatty acids

A
  • Need not be identical
  • Chain length varies
  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
  • Trans fats
182
Q

3 types of fatty acids

A
  • saturated
  • unsaturated
  • trans fat
183
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms

-Higher melting point, animal origin

184
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

1 or more double bonds

-Low melting point, plant origin

185
Q

trans fat fatty acids

A

produced industrially

186
Q

phospholipids

A
  • Composed of
    1. Glycerol
    2. 2 fatty acids- non-polar tails
    3. Phosphate group- polar heads
  • Forms all biological membranes
  • micelles
  • phospholipid bilayer
187
Q

phospholipids: micelles

A

lipid mols orient w/ polar (hydrophilic) head toward water and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails away from water

188
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

more complicated structure where 2 layers form

  • Hydrophilic heads point outward
  • Hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other

BIO 1510 (10 decks)

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