FINAL Flashcards
true or false: monomers of macromolecules are joined together by hydrolysis reactions
false
true or false: the liquid form of water (H2O) is more dense, than the solid form of water
true
true or false: cations are negatively charged atoms that have fewer protons than electrons
false
true or false: the “R-“ group of an amino acid has the greatest influence on the overall structure of a protein
true
true or false: inductive reasoning applies general principles to predict specific results
false
true or false: the pH of a solution is a measure of the
-log[H+]
true
true or false: a fatty acid chain that lacks double bonded carbons, is considered a saturated fatty acid
true
true or false: chaperone proteins help newly synthesized proteins fold correctly into functional structures
true
true or false: in general, fruits and vegetables contain more saturated fats than meats
false
true or false: life a dynamic process that is constantly in flux, thus living things exist in a non equilibrium state
true
the first life form from which all life forms on Earth are believed to be derived from, first appeared __ billion years ago (BYA)
3.5
how are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment?
the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid
which of these carbohydrates is not a six carbon sugar?
ribose
which types of monomers make up proteins
amino acids
in which type of macromolecule found in living systems would you expect to find a sulfhydryl group (-S-H)?
protein
based on the “Hypothesis-driven science” example on scientific investigations given in class (crying 3 month old baby), how would you describe “baby is hungry” on the flow chart?
hypothesis
out of the 12 elements that make up most living things, which four elements make up 96.4% of the human body?
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon (COHN)
proteins are important to biological systems because of their function in
cell movement, cell structure, and enzyme catalysis
a substance that has a high concentration of hydrogen ions ( >10^-7)
is called a acid
in his book “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” Charles Darwin based his theory of Natural Selection on observations that were made on adaptive differences saw in which animal on the Galapagos Islands
cactus finch
what is the name given to the electrons found in the outer most rings of an atom?
valence electrons
which of the following is NOT a property of the elements most commonly found in living organisms
the elements possess eight electrons in their outer energy level
of the four structures associated with protein, which structure would not be effected by denaturing the protein
primary structure
biologists have divided all living things into three domains, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The Eukarya are further subdivided into four kingdoms of Protista, fungi, Animalia, and plantae. within these domains, which of these have cells that are ONLY composed of single cell organisms with little internal structure
bacteria
a atom with a net positive charge must have __
more protons than electrons
if the atomic number of nitrogen (N) is 7, how many electrons would be needed to be shared by covalent bonds to fill the outer shell of the Nitrogen atom
three
How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection
artificial selection is a result of human intervention
which of these types for chemical bond are correctly organized from the strongest to the weakest
covalent, ionic, hydrogen
what was the contribution to science of Pasteur’s classic experiment
disproved spontaneous generation hypothesis
which of the following is not a disaccharide
fructose
which hierarchical group contains the most diverse group of organisms?
community
RNA is a form of __ composed of __
nucleic acid; phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogen base
which of these biological categories is not part of the domain eukarya?
archaea
the organization of living systems is __
hierarchical with cells at the base and the biosphere at the top
if I knew that I had a sample of a nucleic acid, how would I be able to determine, if the sample was only composed of DNA. I would know by the absence of __
uracil
a scientific theory states __
a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data
a solution that has a change of 4 pH units indicates what fold change in the [H+] of the solution
10,000 X
if you shake a bottle of oil and vinegar then let it sit, it will separate into 2 phases because __
non polar oil is not soluble in water
which part of a nucleic acid is the variable portion that defines it as Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine?
the nitrogen base
when water molecules stick to the other polar molecules (other than water) by hydrogen bonding, that is called __
adhesion
what is the chronological order of the scientific method?
observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, data, prediction
if the basic (neutral) structure of a carbon-12 atom is 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons, what is the structure of the isotope carbon-13?
6 protons, 7 neutrons, 6 electrons
an element is said to be radioactive when the number of __ is greater than the other subatomic particles in the atom
neutrons
the mass of an atom is determined by its __ and __
neutron; proton
phospholipids that form membranes in cells are composed of
phosphate group, glycerol, and fatty acid
plant cells store energy in the form of __, and animal cells store energy in the form of __
starch; glycogen
when we talk about “Sodium chloride dissolving in water by the formation of hydration cells”, what property of water is this related to?
solubility
of the 90 naturally occurring elements on Earth, how many of them are actually found in living systems in more than trace amounts?
12 elements
which carbohydrate would you find as part of a molecule of RNA?
none of these
true or false: coupled transport uses the concentration gradient established by active transport
true
true or false: bacterial cells that can alter the composition of the fatty acids in their membrane phospholipids would increase their unsaturated fatty acids in a cold climate
true
true or false: the gram stain is determined by the composition of the bacterial phospholipid bilayer
false
true or false: pinocytosis is not a mechanism for brining material into the cell
false
true or false: Robert Koch studied anthrax; proposed four postulates to prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease
true
true or false: bacterial transformation and transduction the same process
false
true or false: osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the cells
false
true or false: Robert Hooke first described “cells”
true
true or false: small cells have a greater surface-area-to-volume ratio than large cells
true
true or false: fusion of mouse and human cells was a classic experiment which established that cell membrane was not fluid
false
for the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must
move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached
dental plaque (a biofilm), a first stage in tooth decay, consists of
bacteria surrounded by a polysaccharide matrix
cell division in prokaryotic cells occurs by a process called
binary fission
the part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are
non-polar
mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain:
DNA
when bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions, they form thick-walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm. These structures are called
endospores
streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. What is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomycin?
impaired protein synthesis
which type of proteins is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated transport?
carrier
in bacteria, fungi, and plants, the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their
cell walls
the protein sorting pathway involves the following organelles/compartments in order:
RER, transport vesicle, Golgi, final destination
Phil has chronic ulcers, he has been taking acid blockers and drinking vast amounts of liquid antacids. These help relieve the symptoms but he still suffers from ulcers. What would be the best course of action to treat the source of his ulcers?
taking a course of antibiotics
which of the following statements about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is false?
because chlamydia has both bacterial and viral characteristics, it cannot be treated with antibiotics
which of the following does NOT contribute to the secretive permeability of a biological membrane?
hydrogen bond formation between water and phosphate groups
the plasma membrane is said to be a fluid-mosaic of phospholipids because it contains __
a mosaic of proteins suspended within a phospholipid bilayer
the evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is
endosymbiosis
which of these terms describes the recipient cell following the transfer of the F plasmid with integration into the host chromosome?
Hfr+ cell
if two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called
hypotonic
flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are called
thylakoids
using the picture below: which organelle contains the hydrolytic proteins that breaks down molecules
lysosome
current classification of prokaryotes is based on
sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA
which type of cell membrane protein hold cells together to form tissues?
junction proteins
if the label on a slide reads gram-positive bacillus, what would a student expect to see?
purple rod shaped cells
the process often referred to as “bulk transport” into the cell is referred to as __
endocytosis
plasmodesmata in plants and gap junctions in animals are functionally similar in that
they form channels between cells that allow diffusion of small molecules
the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of
amino acids
microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the
cytoskeleton
a scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker containing 5M glucose. What effect do you expect to observe?
no net change in cell weight
which of these is not a common shape associated with bacteria?
none, they all are
Schleiden and Schwann stated the “cell theory”, which in its modern form says
all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise by division of other cells
based on the data, which gene is closest to gene 1?
gene 2
why is chlamydia much more common than syphilis?
many chlamydia infections are asymptomatic
which of these bulk transport mechanisms is used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes?
exocytosis
which of the following is an INCORRECT match?
smooth ER - storage of water
in a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that
3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter
which of these bacterial diseases causes an acute infection of the respiratory system in humans?
mycobacterium tuberculosis
when bacteria are used to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil, the term used to describe this process is
bioremediation
how can freeze-fracture be used to determine the orientation of a protein in a membrane?
freeze-fracture allows a cell to be cleaved in between the lipid bilayer, splitting the plasma membrane into two layers
organelles that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen are
peroxisomes
cell membrane proteins that actively transport molecules and ions against a concentration gradient (from areas of low to high concentrations) are
transport proteins
a cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks a vesicle transport at the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell?
the movement of lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
true or false: the Krebs cycle is a catabolic pathway, while the Calvin cycle is an anabolic pathway
true
true or false: cactus and pineapple are examples of plants that carry out CAM photosynthesis
true
true or false: a solenoid is a unit of light energy from the sun
false
true or false: oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of electrons
true
true or false: in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called the product
false
true or false: photorespiration occurs when excessive heat causes stoma to close and traps gasses in the leaves which causes RuBP binds to O2 instead of CO2
true
consider the signaling pathway: epinephrine > G coupled Protein Receptor > G protein > Adenylyl cyclase > cAMP > protein kinase A. Identify the second messenger
cAMP
the receptors for steroid hormones and peptide hormones are fundamentally different because
peptides are hydrophilic and steroids are hydrophobic
the law of thermodynamics that states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed is
the first law of thermodynamics
the energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and stand a chemical reaction is called
activation energy
pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotic cells occurs in the __
mitochondria
why is the energy generated from the catabolism of sugars and other macromolecules ultimately harnessed to generate ATP?
ATP can be used by cells to drive endergonic reactions
what stage of cellular respiration can occur in human cells with or without oxygen present?
glycolysis
which of these statements describes endocrine signaling?
hormones released from a cell travel through circulatory system to affect other cells throughout the body
during the day, where in the chloroplast would you find the highest concentration of protons?
in the stroma
interaction of components __ and __ initiates the process of signal transduction, which converts the information in the signal into a cellular response
receptor; ligand
the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria. there are nine biochemical reactions involved in the Krebs cycle, and they are highly ordered. Select the correct order
acetyl-CoA joins the Krebs cycle and unites with oxaloacetate -> forming citrate -> which forms a-ketoglutarate -> which forms succinyl-CoA -> which forms succinate -> which forms fumarate -> which forms malate -> which forms oxaloacetate
a drug binds to the active site of an enzyme. If it is bound to the active site of the enzyme, it prevents substrate binding. This drug would be considered a(n)
competitive inhibitor
organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called __
autotrophs
when an atom or molecule gains or more electrons, it is said to be
reduced
energy is defined as
the capacity to do work
all of these are “electron carriers” except
ATP
all of these are phases of the light-independent Calvin cycle, except one __
oxidation of water
the ultimate source of energy for humans comes from what source?
the sun
the wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis are __
red, blue, and violet
what is the correct order of steps in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
photosystem II > electron transport system > photosystem I > electron transport system > ATP synthase
which type of receptor-ligand binding leads to activation of glycogen synthase?
insulin receptor
the production of ATP by chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria (during respiration), and chloroplasts (during photosynthesis) when there is a imbalance of __
[H+]
hydrophobic-nonpolar ligands, such as steroids, cross the membranes of all cells, but effect only target cells because
intracellular receptors are present only in target cells
binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of a membrane
ligand-gated ion channel
one way to generate acetyl-CoA is to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by stripping off a CO2
decarboxylation
based on the graph, what are the optimal temperatures for the human enzyme and hot springs prokaryote enzyme?
the optimal temperature for the human enzyme is 40ºC. The optimal temperature for the hot springs prokaryote enzyme is 72ºC
in the process of cell signaling, scaffolding proteins organize the components of a kinase cascade into a single protein complex, which gives the advantage of efficiency, to the complex, however it does have a disadvantage in __
reducing the amplification effect
a particular chemical reaction is exergonic. What can you say about the relationship between the reactants and the products in this exergonic reaction?
the reactants have more free energy than the products
when oxygen is unavailable during heavy exercise, what process do muscle cells use for energy generation?
glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation
these three amino acids have -OH as R-groups that can be phosphorylated
tyrosine, serine, theronine
what is an end-product of glycolysis?
pyruvate
what aspect of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?
glycolysis
this scientist believed the mass of plants came from not soil, but water
Jan Baptista van Helmont
which pair are examples of second messengers?
cAMP, calcium ions
C4 pants initially fix carbon by
incorporating CO2 into oxaloacetate, which is converted into malate
while standing at the top of the stairs, you have a PE of 40 joules. If you walk all the way down the stairs, what would your PE be at the bottom of the stairs?
0 joules
glucose is not our only food source, nor the only one we can utilize in our bodies to generate energy. Other primary sources of energy include other sugars, proteins, and fats. What metabolic intermediate are fats primarily converted into?
acetyl-CoA
what are the products of one turn of the Krebs cycle?
2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
you return home to find that your baby brother has scattered his toy trains and trucks all over the floor of your room. As you begin to pick up the toys and put them away, you realize that even though he is just a baby, he has clearly mastered:
the second law of thermodynamics
true or false: Prokaryotic conjugation which results in the transfer and insertion of the F plasmid into a recipient cell’schromosome leads to the formation an F+ cell.
false
true or false: Unsaturated fatty acids make cell membranes more fluid than saturated fatty acids.
true
Plasmids are distinguished from bacterial chromosomes in that
plasmids have few genes, bacterial chromosomes have many genes.
While water continually orients phospholipids into a lipid bilayer, it does not fix the lipids permanently into position. Thus, the bilayer is considered to be ________.
fluid
The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called ________.
phospholipids
A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and he knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He asks why there areso many ribosomes. You respond,
“This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body.”
The semi-fluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell is called the:
cytoplasm
Which of these is not a mechanism of vertical gene transfer in prokaryotes?
none
Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called
binary fission
Which of these prokaryotic organsisms is called the “Silent STD”?
Chlamydia trachomatis
If the label on a slide reads Gram-positive bacillus, what would a students expect to see?
Purple rod shaped cells
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the ___.
solutes
In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that
3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter.
The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy is
active transport
Some prokaryotes attach to other substrates by hairlike outgrowths, which are shorter than flagella. These are called
pili
Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific type of molecule?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
If left untreated, syphilis infections go through four stages. The first stage is a sore calleda chancre. The signs of the second stage are
rash, sore throat, and sores in the mouth
Organelles that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen are:
peroxisomes.
The part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are
non-polar.
Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio:
decreases
On the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the cell type. Often these molecules are
carbohydrate chains.
Current classification of prokaryotes is based on
sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA.
The movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called
diffusion
true or false: Most competitive inhibitors bind to allosteric sites on an enzyme.
false
true or false: Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously after the energy of activation is achieved
true
true or false: Coupled transport uses the concentration gradient established by active transport.
true
Most enzymes are composed of ____
Proteins
In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside the _______
chloroplasts
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are those that
convert CO2 into reduced molecules (sugars).
the “Chief currency” that all cells use for energy is _______.
ATP
The discovery of ribozymes meant that
RNAs can act as enzymes.
What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration?
It is reduced to form water
Visible light has a wavelength range of
400-740 nanometers.
Which of these statements are true of ATP ?
ATP hydrolysis drives endergonic reactions
If the label on a slide reads Gram-positive bacillus, what would a students expect to see?
Purple rod shaped cells
What chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer?
It is hydrophobic
Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called _____.
autotrophs
What color of light is least strongly absorbed by chlorophyll?
green
For photosynthesis in green plants, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is
water.
In aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by:
a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrialmembrane.
NADPH is made by
the passing of electrons from photosystem I to an electron transport chain.
What is activation energy?
The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
An endergonic reaction has the following properties
+∆G and the reaction is not spontaneous
What oxidizing agent is used to temporarily store high energy electrons harvested fromglucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm?
NAD+
true or false: Proto-oncogenes function by preventing cells from dividing uncontrollably.
false
Nucleotides have a phosphate group attached at the ________ carbon atom of the sugar.
5’
In your research, you have discovered that Protein X is often ubiquitinated in people with a certain disease. What would you predict about levels of Protein X in these patients?
Levels of Protein X will be low due to degradation in the proteasome.
Certain proteins can bind to specific DNA regulatory sequences by entering
the major groove of the DNA and reading the nucleotide base pairs.
The enzyme dicer chops dsRNA molecules into small pieces of
miRNA and siRNA.
You are studying regulation of a prokaryotic operon. Experiments show that expression of the operon is increased when levels of biosynthetic product from that pathway are low. Based on this information, what is a likely mode of regulation?
The product binds a repressor, allowing it to bind the operator.
Information obtained by Franklin from X-ray crystallography on DNA suggested that itis shaped like a
helix.
Viruses that attack bacteria are called
phages
You decide to repeat the Meselson-Stahl experiment, except this time you plan to grow the E. coli cells on light 14N medium for many generations and then transfer them to heavy 15N medium and allow them to grow for 2 additional generations (2 rounds of DNA replication). If the conservative model of DNA replication was correct, what is the expected distribution of DNA in the density gradient after two rounds of replication?
One band of light density and one band of heavy density.
Single-stranded ends generated by the same restriction enzyme are complementary to each other. They can be joined together,
even when the source of the DNA is different.
You are studying the effects of specific transcription factors on the activation of gene expression. You notice that one particular transcription factor binds far away from the promoter of its target gene. What can explain this?
DNA looping brings the transcription factor closer to the promoter and initiates gene transcription.
Which statement about the Hershey-Chase experiment is false?
The virus-infected bacteria contained radioactive sulfur.
If you were able to look very closely at a portion of DNA and find methylated histones, you would
be looking at a region of inactive chromatin.
Because the two strands of a DNA molecule are ________ to each other, either one can be used as a template to reconstruct the other.
complementary
If a strain of bacteria had a mutation that blocked expression of the lac repressor, what would you expect as a result?
The mutant strain would waste energy producing enzymes in the absence oflactose.
BamHI is a Type II restriction enzyme that recognizes the sequence 5’ G*GATCC 3’, and cuts between the two Gs, leaving a 5’ overhang. If you were to digest DNA withBamHI, what would be the sequence of the overhanging sticky ends of the two strands?
5’ GATC 3’ and 5’ GATC 3’
The method of DNA replication, where each original strand is used as a template to build a new strand, is called the
semiconservative method.
You are working to identify enhancer regions of a particular gene. The best place to look is
primarily upstream of the promoter, possibly some distance away.
You have been asked to design a synthetic DNA motif, able to bind transcriptional regulatory proteins. The location on this motif that you will design for protein binding is the
major groove of the DNA double helix.
The PCR technique requires a DNA polymerase from an organism that can endure high heat, such as Thermus aquaticus. What step of the protocol makes the heat-stability most necessary?
Denaturation
In vertebrates, DNA methylation-the addition of a methyl group to DNA nucleotides-ensures that
once a gene is turned off, it will remain off.
After attaching to a bacterial cell, a bacteriophage typically
injects DNA into the cell.
When E. coli cells produce the amino acid tryptophan, a cluster of five genes is transcribed together. This cluster of genes is referred to as the
trp operon.
The observable expression of the genes present in an organism is called its
phenotype.
________ are a type of internal signal molecule used in controlling the cell cycle.
Kinases
A tumor suppressor gene undergoes a mutation that causes it to lose its normal function. What would be the most likely result of this mutation?
The cell no longer responds to signals that cause it to stop dividing or undergoapoptosis.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Meiosis involves 2 divisions and produces 4 non-identical daughter nuclei.
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
during Mitosis
Barr bodies —
All of the above
What structure is formed by two sister chromatids being held together by a centromere?
chromosome
Individuals that have 2 alleles for most gene loci are best described as
diploid
Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. What are the genotypes of the gametes that are produced by a plant that is heterozygous for both traits?
PT, Pt, pT, and pt
If an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype, this is called
pleiotropy.
Irene knows her blood type is A, but William does not know his blood type. However, William knows that his mother and father both had blood type B. Irene and William’s first child is a boy with type O blood. Based on this information, William’s blood type could be
either B or O
