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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of research continuums

A

Theoretical - empirical

Basic - applied

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2
Q

What is a theory

A

Predicted/hypothesis that can be tested by empirical

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3
Q

What is theoretical

A

Knowlegde represents thinking regarding large scale issues

The thinking is accumulated by reviewing the theoretical and empirical scholarship area

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4
Q

What is Empirical

A

Means observation

In motor learning empirical research is conducted in the lab or on the field investigating a problem

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5
Q

What is basic

A

Research that is conducted to understand simple questions that specifically attempt to uncover phenomena that are important but might not have direct practical implications

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6
Q

What is applied

A

It is basic research that is conducted to understand simple questions that specifically attempt to uncover phenomena in the real world or in practice

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7
Q

What is experimental

A

Bridging basic and applied research

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8
Q

What is memory research

A

Expertise
Contextual
Interference
Elaboration

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9
Q

What is Motor learning

A

Study of humans, animals and machines learn and perform motor skills

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10
Q

What is motor control

A

Motor programming and organisation of motor patterns

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11
Q

What is dynamic systems

A

Complex systems that interact to explain behaviours

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12
Q

How is the field of psychology organised

A 
Developmental
Industrial
Clinical
Experimental
Physiological
Educational
Abnormal
Human factors
Social
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13
Q

What is psychology

A

Study of human and animal behaviour

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14
Q

What is a goal directed movement

A

Movement is goal directed when carried out to meet a particular goal

It is voluntary and under the direct control of the performer

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15
Q

Information processing model:

A

Input
Central processing
Output

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16
Q

Central processing includes what processes

A

Perception
Decision
Effector

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17
Q

What are the different types of movement

A

Orientating
Adaptive
Non adaptive

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18
Q

What is orientating movement

A

Provides information that is effective for coordinative adaptive movement

Movements to adjust the sensory apparatus such as the eyes, ears to better pick up relevant information

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19
Q

What is adaptive movement

A

Movement made to change or maintain the position of an object

Movement made to change or maintain the position of the body

Any combination of movement of an object and movement of the body

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20
Q

What is Non adaptive movements

A

Reflexive movement that is not consciously controlled

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21
Q

What is involved in the Movement Process

A

Movement process:
Information processing is part of the movement process

The motor plan is developed in the decision process and relates to what the performs intends to do

The motor program is developed in the effector process and it guides the movement with the neuromuscular commands

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22
Q

What is the form of movement

A

Described as part of the movement process

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23
Q

What is the motor pattern

A

A measure of the movement process

using technology biomechanists study the motor pattern

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24
Q

What is involved with the movement product

A

The movement product is related to the outcome or the achievement of the goal of the movement

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25
What is a taxonomy How is this related to Gentiles (2000)
A taxonomy is a system for classifying things In Gentiles (2000) taxonomy, motor skills are classified according to the movement of the body and the constraints of the environment
26
What did Poulton (1957) think
Conceptualised motor skills based upon their predictability in the environment
27
What did Poulton (1957) categorise skill into
Open skills | Closed skills
28
What are open skills When may it change
A skill where the relevant factors are NOT predictable E.g. Scrimmage When the ball is in motion and its movement can be anticipated
29
What are closed skills
A skill where the relevant factors are predictable
30
What is a major factor that changes open skills and closed skills What is the reason for this
Expertise of performers It will affect how and when predictions are made about regulatory factors in the environment
31
In the information processing model what does INPUT consist of
Internal and External stimuli
32
In the information processing model what does CENTRAL PROCESSING consist of
Perception Decision Effector
33
In the information processing model what does OUTPUT consist of
Movement | Process and Product
34
What was Knapp (1986) view What did he think a skill could do Depending on what though
Viewed open and closed skills on a continuum A skill may move from open to closed or visa versa Depended on the level of expertise of a performer and the environmental conditions
35
What is the open close continuum
Closed (habitual) Open (perceptual)
36
Is it possible to have complete closed skill Whats an example that proves this
No Signing a signature
37
What did Gentile define open skills as
Skills where the relevant factors in the environment are moving
38
What did Gentile define closed skills as
Skills where the relevant factors in the environment are stationary
39
An open skill is..... While a closed skill is.....
Externally paced Self paced
40
Moving factors are.... Stationary factors are......
Open Closed
41
What are environmental constraints
Are those that are relevant factors in the environment that are either moving or stationary
42
What can weather cause to happen
Influence a factor to become more open
43
What is involved in OPEN skill performance
Spatial and Temporal factors are relevant Predictability is limited The relevant factors are MOVING Information processing is ongoing Movement patterns tend to DIVERSIFY
44
Spatial factors are...
Where things are in space
45
Temporal factors are...
Timing of things
46
What is involved in CLOSED skills
Only spatial factors govern performance Predictability is somewhat unlimited Relevant factors are STATIONARY Information processing demands are LOW Movement patterns tend to be FIXATED
47
What do biomechanists analysise
Movement patterns by using sensor analysis to provide information to motor behaviourists
48
Movement patterns tend to be for: Closed Open
Fixated Diversify
49
No single movement pattern exists to satisfy what
The movement goal
50
In task classification, what does intertrial variability mean
Related to the changes in the movement pattern caused by changes in the environment from trial to trial
51
Environmental predictability Is the skill open/closed and is intertrial variability present/absent for these skills Basketball free throw Goalie catching a kick Some types of batting machines Putting in golf
Closed skill - absent Open skill - present Open skill - absent Closed skill - present
52
In the real world is there open skills without intertrial variability
No
53
What are the causes of intertrial variability
Changes in the environment Changes in the relevant position of the performer
54
What are the 2 types of information feedback
Knowledge of performance Knowledge of results
55
What does Knowledge of performance feedback involve
Needed for CLOSED skills Because of single pattern of movement emerges late in practice
56
What does knowledge of results feedback involve
Needed for OPEN skills Because a diversity of motor patterns emerges for open skills
57
What is adaptive movement
Goal direct movement Movement made to change or maintain the position of the body Movement made to change or maintain the position of an object Any combination of these two
58
Manipulation of an object is known as what
Limb Transport Manipulation LTM
59
Movement of the body refers to whether the body is... Examples would be:
Stable or moving Running = moving In a car or on a bike = body is still moving because of dead space Standing = stable
60
Is the skill body stable/transport and LTM/No LTM for: Running around the kick Wide receiver catching a football Reaching for a cup of coffee on a dining table Standing still empty handed
Body transport - No LTM Body transport - LTM Body stable - LTM Body stable - No LTM
61
What did Gentile describe what we can list in her model
Skills from easiest to hardest ``` Easiest being: Stationary factors No intertrial variability Body stable No LTM ``` ``` Hardest being: Moving factors Intertrial variability Body transport LTM ```
62
What are the 4 main questions in Gentiles model
1) Are the relevant factors in the environment moving or stationary 2) Does the movement pattern change from trial to trial caused by changes in environment or the body 3) Is the body stable or moving 4) Is the body manipulating an external object
63
What is a discrete skill Example
A skill with an identifiable beginning and ending e.g. kicking and throwing
64
What is a continuous skill Example
A skill with no identifiable beginning or ending Swimming or running
65
What is a serial skill Example
A series of discrete skills connected together e.g. platform pass to setter to then jump and spike the ball
66
What is dead space
Time where you cant respond as you are processing information
67
What is the difference between absent and present in intertrial variability
When intertrial variability is absent = relevant factors are not changing When intertrial variability is present = relevant factors are changing
68
Lowest possible reaction time is For audio reaction time it is For visual reaction time it is
0. 1 seconds 0. 160 seconds 0. 190 seconds
69
When can an open skill exist without intertrial variability
When the environment is controlled electronically e.g. a pitching machine
70
What is the rule of thumb with regards to to body stability and transport
A shift in body weight is BODY STABILITY
71
What is the rule of thumb with regards to to body stability and transport
A shift in body weight is BODY STABILITY
72
What is scientific method What does it consist of
A method of procedure that has characterised natural science since the 17th century Consists of systematic observation, measurement, experiment, formulationg, testing and modification of hyptheses
73
What are variables
A set of characteristics determined by an experimenter
74
What is experimental control
A test where the person conducting the test only changes one variable at a time in order to isolate the results
75
Motor learning is a subdiscipline of... Motor learning is..
Motor behaviour Examines how people acquire motor skills Is a relatively permanent change in the ability to execute a motor skill as a result of practice or experience
76
What are the different levels of measurement
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
77
What are Nominal measures Examples
Lowest level of measurement A research develops categories of measurements for people, places, objects or things to fit into. The categories must be exhaustive and exclusive (cannot overlap) Examples = gender
78
What are ordinal measures Example
Where the number assigned reflects order or position rather than a quantity Reflects a ranking system While distance between ordinal numbers may seem equal, there may be different quantified measures that are not equal Example Ordinal score = 1, 2, 3 Raw score = 10.5, 10.8, 12.2
79
What are interval measures Example
Where the number assigned reflects the amount or quantity that a particular person, place, object or thing carries The distance between adjacent points is equal There is no true zero point Example = SAT starts at 200 points
80
What are Ratio measures
Ratio scores reflect the quantity that an object contains Ratio scores have a true zero point
81
What did Knapp focus on
Continuum of open and closed
82
What did Thorndike focus on
Reward and repeition
83
What did Hull focus on
Fatigue and learning
84
What did Sherrington focus on
Reflexes
85
What did Gentile (2000) focus on
Taxonomy of motor skills according to the movement of the body and the constraints of the environment
86
What did Higgins and Spaeth (1972) focus on
Movement patterns fixating or diversifying for open and closed skills based on focus late in practice
87
What does subject variability mean
When there are changes in movement patterns from trial to trial
88
What is a Paradigm
A systematic model for testing certain phenomena
89
What do theories give What type of research are theories usually supported by
Testable hypotheses Empirical studies
90
Knowledge of performance is used in... Because it focuses on... This happens because the performer is... The observer is focused on...
Closed skilled environments Single pattern of movement Fixating on single pattern for movement which emerges late in practice The subjects single movement pattern
91
Knowledge of results is used in... Because it focuses on... This happens because the performer... The observer focuses on...
Open Skilled environments The outcome of the skill and the movement product Diversifies the skills late in practice Whether the subject has achieved the goal, not the movement process

Kin 166 (4 decks)

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