Exam 2 Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
What is perception
A
Cognitive process that is responsible for indentifying stimulus
2
Q
What shapes perception
A
Past experiences and expectations
3
Q
Model of information processing is
Where does perception fit into the model
Where does reaction time end
A
Input Stimulus identification Response selction Reponse programming Output
Perception fits into stimulus identification
Reaction time ends just before output
4
Q
What is reaction time
What does it measure
A
The measure of input and central processing
Or until the begining of overt movement
Measures how long does it take the brain to recognise that a stimulus has occured
5
Q
What do you match together to form output
A
Reaction time + memory processes
6
Q
What are the types of reaction time
A
Simple
Choice
Discrimination
7
Q
What are the factors that affect stimulus identification
A
Stimulus clarity
Stimulus intensity
Peripheral vision
8
Q
What is stimulus clarity made up of
A
Sharpness
Focus
9
Q
What is stimulus intensity made up of
A
Brightness
Loudness
10
Q
Who came up with the inverted U hypothesis
A
Yerkes and Dodson, 1908
11
Q
What is the top of inverted U known as
A
Optimal level
12
Q
What affects the inverted U hypothesis
A
Inter and intra individual differences
Meaningfulness
Complexitiy
Variation
Uncertainty
Intensity
13
Q
What is perception responsible for
A
Detection
Comparison
Recognition
14
Q
Scholarly source material is
A
Material that has been accepted by experts in that field
It is verified
15
Q
What is Information comparison
A
Means that a participant compares two items, both present in the environment
16
Q
How is information comparison measured
A
In a paradigm where two intensities from the SAME source are present for a LONG ENOUGH TIME to detect differences or similarities in information
17
Q
What is the Just Noticeable difference
A
The least amount of difference an individual needs to detect that a difference exists between two intensities
18
Q
What is information recognition
A
Comparing something in the environment with something stored in memory
19
Q
What is an absolute judgment paradigm
Represents…
Example
A
Same as information recognition
Represents capbaility of individual matching a stimulus present in the environment to one already stored in memory
Multiple choice question
20
Q
What is Adams closed loop theory (1971)
A
Standard = memory trace = what you intend to do
Send it to the movement organiser = brain to muscles
Movement in muscles
Feedback to error detector = perceptual trace
21
Q
Standard in Adams closed loop theory is
A
Memory trace
22
Q
Error detector in adams close loop theory is
A
Perceptual trace
23
Q
Trace means
A
Specific memory
24
Q
Each trace is…
A
stored in memory
25
When is recognition employed in adams close loop theory
By comparing the standard (from memory) to the propprioception (what the performer feels)
26
What did Adam (1971) limit his closed loop theory to
Linear positioning
27
When comparison between standard and error detector is fine....
When comparison is offset
Program continues to work
New program to produce movement
28
What is the perceptual process limited in
Limited in space = 7 +- 2
Limited in time = 20 - 60secs
29
What is selective attention
What do we pay attention to
What is selective attention impacted by
Paying attention to regulatory aspects of the environment
We pay attention to things that catch our attention
Impacted by where the sensory instruments are focused
30
Selective attention is affect by what
Past experiences
Levels of arousal
General bias
31
What are the explanations for selective attention
Cocktail party phenomenon
Meaningfulness
Pertinence
Bottleneck in the system
The Gat in Welfords model
32
What was Kahneman (1973) ideas on selective attention
Enduring dispositions
Momentary intentions
33
What is enduring dispositions
Rules of involuntary attention
Certain things that attract our attention even though we didnt intend on paying attention to it
Certain conditions construct our set of expectations
When conditions are different from expectations = attract attention
34
What is Momentary intentions
Attention to things where instruction leads us to pay attention
E.g teachers focus students attention on certain things
35
What are the factors that affect perception
Stimulus quality
Individual preparedness
36
What is stimulus quality related to
Clarity and intensity
37
What is individual preparedness related to
Individual differences
Meaningfulness
Complexity
Variation
Uncertainty
Intensity
38
What is signal detection
The strength of an individual to make the correct decision or choice of response
39
In signal detection, poor sensitivity causes
Considerable overlap of distributions
40
In signal detection, improved sensitivity due to enhanced strength of the flawed signal causes
Less overlap of distributions
41
In signal detection, improved sensitivity due to diminished variability of internal signal causes
Less overlap of distributions
42
When the criterion moves left (decreases in strength of perceptual information) what happens
More false alarms
Less misses
43
When the criterion moves right (increase in strength of perceptual information) what happens
More misses
Less false alarms
44
What are the two main explanations of detection
Uncertainty
Arousal
45
How does uncertainty explain detection
May be due to speed
May be due to noise, poor quality or ambiguity
May be due to lack of experience
May be due to positive or negative expectations
46
How does arousal explain detection
System activation
In low activation system = information is lost
In high activation system = too much noise is present and information is lost
47
What is a criterion
The point where there is a stimulus in the environment and you are going to go for it
48
What is simple reaction time
Example
Single stimulus and single response
Can be pre programmed
Example: Swim start
49
What is choice reaction time
Example
Multiple stimuli in the environment that are relevant.
Performer does not know which stimuli is going to occur
No pre programming is not an option
Example: Traffic light
50
What is discrimination reaction time
Example
Multiple stimuli but only one of those stimuli receives the response. The other stimuli are inhibited
Example: Traffic light with red arrow, or simon said
51
What is a great example of discrimination reaction time
Simon says
52
What is the axis of the inverted U hypothesis
Y axis = Performance
X axis = Arousal level
53
When does the limit of verbal information occur to
What does the limit of motor information occur to
20 seconds
60 seconds
54
What happens in the cocktail party phenomenon
Look like you are paying attention to the perosn talking to you
However you are actually paying attention with your ears to the people that are talking about you
55
Can we pay attention to two things
Why
No
Because we can only process one thing in detail
Instead we sample parts of each stimuli
56
What is effector anticipation
What kind of skill involves effect anticipation
Self paced or externally paced
Example
Timing the phases of ones own personal movement within a relatively stable environment
Closed skills
May be self paced
Hiking
57
What is receptor anticipation
What kind of skill involves receptor anticipation
Self paced or externally paced
Example
Performers must predict relevant SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL aspects of the environment to be successful
Open skills
Externally paced
Catching a ball in softball
58
What is perceptual anticipation
Example
Being able to time a movement within a series of movements as in serial movement tasks
Gymnastics routine
59
What does the performer develop in the decision process
Plan or strategy for the movement
60
What does the performer translate in the decision process
Perception to action by choosing a response
61
What is motor programming in the decision making process
What the performer intends to do
62
What is reaction time
Measure of central processing
Gross reaction time - full thing
63
What does reaction time measure
Afferent flow of information
Processing of information in brain
Efferent flow of information
64
What is the time for single reaction time in:
Auditory
Visual
160 ms
190 ms
65
Why is reaction time a closed loop system
What is the issue
When feedback in the system that is available for detecting and correcting an error before the movement has ended
Issue: if we are receiving this proprioceptive feedback in time
66
What is Total reaction time
Premotor reaction time + Motor reaction time
| Motor is internal
67
What is fractionated reaction time
Total reaction time (gross reaction time)
68
What is premotor reaction time
Time of central processing
69
What is motor reaction time
Time it takes a muscle to move the bony leaver
70
Who came up with the memory drum theory
What is it about
Franklin Henry
Simple reaction time
71
What did Franklin Henry hypothesise in memory drum theory
Reaction time is longer as movement becomes more complex in simple reaction time tasks
72
Easy movements result in
Faster reaction times
73
Central processing will be delayed when...
Movements are complex
74
Complexity is...
Directional change
75
Who argued with Franklin Henry theory
What did he argue
Klapp (1974)
That movement complexitity effect was only observed in a choice reaction time task
76
What did Klapp attribute his difference to
The difference in preprogramming a movement that could be used in a simple reaction time but not a choice reaction time task
77
What did Henry's ideas show
More complex movements require longer reaction times
Motor program that is a stored representation in memory
78
What are the other ideas that shaped decision making
Limited capacity
Single channel processing
Bottleneck in the system
(ALL ARE THE SAME IDEA)
79
What is limited capacity
What do we have a higher capacity than
7 +- 2 items is our capacity for processing information
Higher capacity for motor programming then verbal
80
What is just noticeable difference
Being able to perceptually distinguish to detect differences in stimuli if they in fact exist
81
Who did Franklin Henry publish his memory drum theory with and when
Rogers
| 1960
82
Which paper had the most citiations in kinesiology
Franklin Henry memory drum theory
83
What was wrong with Franklin Henry memory drum theory
C movement (most complex movement) cannot be displayed by any human being
84
Welfords model on bottlenecking mentions that what is in the system
A gate
Acts as a stop gap to prevent too much information being processed at one time
85
What are some of the main ways we can create uncertainty
Number of possible alternatives
Predictability
86
As you increase the number of SR alternatives what do you increase
The choice reaction paradigm
87
What are some of the ways we increase uncertainty through number of possible alternatives
Increasing the number of stimuli
Varying the probaility of occurence
Sequential dependencies
88
What is an example of varying the probability of occurence
Basketball lay up
50% from right
25% from left
25% from center
Increases uncertainty towards opponent
89
Predictability affects uncertainty through what types of uncertainty
Temporal uncertainty
Spatial uncertainty
Event uncertainty
Perceptual uncertainty
90
Temporal uncertainty is
Example
Timing of your movement
By changing the timing of your movement you make it harder to predict
91
Spatial uncertainty is
Example
Where something is going to occur in space
By changing the space used you make it harder to predict
92
Event uncertainty is
Example
What event is going to occur
An expert performer is able to increase the number of SR alternatives and therefore make it harder to predict the event
93
Perceptual uncertainty is
Example
The ability to mask what you are doing as to change the perception of your opponent
No look pass
94
What is the psychological refractory period
Describe it in terms of fake and real stimulus
When two signals are presented in succession
You have to finish processing the first stimulus before you start to process the second
1) The time it takes to recognise that a fake has been delivered
2) To respond to that fake
3) Then recognise that a second stimulus has been given and that the second stimulus is the real stimulus
95
Give an example of psychological refractory period
Player fakes left
Reaction time to the fake
Movement to the fake
Player moves right
Have to wait until processing of the fake finishes before reaction to the player moving right
96
The psychological refractory period (PRP) facts: (6)
1) Reaction time to first stimulus is the same as if stimulus 1 is presented alone
2) Reaction time to second stimulus is always longer
3) If the interstimulus interval is less than 100msec the performer may respond to only one signal
4) Practice will not improve the PRP
5) PRP can be eliminated if the performer knowns where stimulus 2 will occur
6) PRP is a central phenomenon = IT IS NOT SENSORY OR MOTOR
97
What is the central phenomenon related to
Occurs in the brain
Hierachical issue
Known as PRP
98
What do psychologists believe
That you can only talk about things that are observable
99
What is stimulus response theory (SR theory)
This theory is also known as
Stimulus has a response
Becomes automatic after multiple exposures
Black box
100
What are the steps of the hierarchical model
Stimulus identification
Response selection
Response programming
101
What occurs in stimulus identification
Detecting and interpreting info from environment
Send it to the brain for interpretation
102
What occurs in response selection
Having interpreted the information then deciding what to do
103
What occurs in response programming
Instructions sent via nervous system to muscles to perform skill
104
Stimulus identification can be broken up into
Display - everything in environment
Sensory input - visual, auditory etc
Perception - judging and interpreting sensory information
Selective attention - filter information
105
What does perception involved with
DCR = detection, comparison, recognition
106
DCR is
Detection = brain detects stimulus is present
Comparison = comepare stimulus to LT memory
Recognition = stimulus is recognised and matched with LTM
107
Response selection can be broken up into
STM
LTM
Translatory mechanism
108
Short term memory (STM) is
Processes task information and compares current task info with previous skills and situations stored in LTM
109
Long term memory (LTM) is
Informs STM of any relevant or similar situations and so informs decision making process
110
What happenes in the translatory mechanism
A decision is made
111
Response programming can be broken down into
Effector mechanism
Movement
Feedback
112
Effort mechanism is
When a motor programme is selected and initiated
Sends inpluses to muscles to create movement
113
Movement is
When muscle action creates movement and the skill is executed
114
Feedback is
Internal feedback and external feedback is used to inform future situations and dicisions
115
What is internal feedback
What is it related to
Kinaesthesis, from inside the body
Related to knowledge of performance (KP)
116
What is external feedback
What is it related to
Coach, externally from body
Related to knowledge of results (KR)
117
Single channel hypothesis is
that we can only process one stimulus at a time
118
Serial processing is
Execute one skill and then another and then another
When information is processed in stages
Processing in a sequence
119
What is parallel processing
When information is processed at the same time
Multiple processing
120
What was there a shift from the 1900 to the present
Behaviourists (SR approaches) to hierarchical models to dynamic systems
121
What is a dynamic system
Movement is not necessarily controlled by the brain
We approach movements with initial conditions in place that affect our movements
122
What was in place prior to the 1900's
Introspection and self report measures
123
What was in place during the turn of the 20th century
Observation only
Pavlov = SR tradition
BF Skinner = Behaviourist
124
Bernsteins work focused on
When was this conducted
What happened to bernstein
Interactions of the brain body and movement
Late 1960's
Jailed for not accepting pavlov theories
125
What was in place after World war 2
Emphasis on teaching, transfer and retention
126
What happened in the late 40s
Craik = information processing
Brain = computer relationship
Welford = single channel hypothesis and psychological refractoriness
127
What happened in the 50's
Poultons work on anticipation and prediction
Focus on Effector, Receptor, Perceptual
128
What happened in 1954
Fitts law
Speed accuracy tradeoff
Movement time
Movement extent
Movement accuracy
129
What happens in ALS
We degenerate from the extremities to the center
130
What is Part Practice
Breaking down the skill into natural parts
Practicing parts seperately until they are fairly well learned
Integrating parts to perform the skill as a whole
131
What is Whole practice
Practicing the complete skill
Separating the skill into parts may not be efficient for retention
132
What did Magill (2007) indentify
Complexity and task organisation as variables to consider when designing intructional strategies for part and whole practice
133
A high task organisation and low task complexity favors
Whole practice
134
A low task organisation and high task complexity favors
Part practice
135
What is an example of:
High task organisation + High task complexity
High task organisation + Low task complexitiy
Low task organisation + High task complexity
Low task organisation + low task complexitity
Jump serve in volleyball
Putting a golf ball
Trying to tie a figure of 8 knot
Clapping your hands
136
What is task complexity
The number of subcomponents that make up a skill and the information processing demands imposed by the task
137
What is task organisation
Degree to which the subcomponents of the skill are interdependent
138
What is a trial
A test of performance, qualities or suitability of someone or something
139
What is a trial block
Group of trials that have same requirements
140
What is learning
Permanent change in motor performance in response to repeated practice
NOT directly observable during a single practice
141
What is Performance
Temporary change in motor performance
Occurs at an instant in time
Directly observable during a single practice
142
What is acquisition
Process in which a performer learns to control posture, locomotion and muscle activations
143
Acquisition increases with
Practice
144
What is rentention
The ability to perform skill at a later date and after period of no practice
145
What is transfer
Ability to successfully perform learned skill under variety of different environments
146
What is between subject independent variable
Participants receive only one of the treatments defined by the manipulations of the independent variable
147
What is within subject variable
Participants receive all treatments as defined by the manipulations of the independent variable
148
What is counterbalancing
Only necessary with Within subject
Is a way to make sure all conditions of experiment are equal
Able to observe effects on task A on Task B
If more than 2 orders, every task must appear once in every position of the order
149
What is scholarship
Body of knowledge
Acceptable methods
Peer reviewed
150
What are the types of scholarship
Theoretical
Empirical
Review
Opinion based
151
What are variables
Characteristics set by experimenters
Types of variables
Variables as keywords
152
What is knowledge
Based on information is objective and free from bias
Reliable
Consistent with the truth
153
What do scholarships use to make their claims
Acceptable quantitative and qualitative research methods
154
Scholarships are peer reviewed by
A panel of experts to establish reliability and credibility
155
What is equivocal mean
Equal on either side
156
What does unequivocal mean
Without doubt
157
A theory is based on...
Theories use existing...
knowledge gathered in scholarly investigations
knowledge to generate hypothesis
158
Therotical idea use existing...
empirical scholarship to serve as premises to make a prediction/hypothesis
159
Empirical means...
Research is conducted in...
Empirical research is considered...
Observation
The lab or field
Primary source material due to first hand observation
160
Reviews are...
Refered to as...
Exhaustive
Meta analysis
161
Reaction time is made up of
Afferent pathways
Central processing
Efferent pathways
162
Reaction time determines...
The speed of information processing
163
Reaction time is represented in...
Central processing
164
Movement time is
Measured as the phase from the end of the reaction time and beginning of overt movement
To
The end of movement
165
Movement time in:
Discrete skills - example
Continuous skills - example
Very fast = throwing
Can be very slow = marathon runner
166
Definition of total reaction time
Measure of time beginning at the onset of a stimulus to the completion of the movement
167
Response time is
Reaction time + Movement time
168
What is a warning signal
Take your marks
169
What is the effector process
Where motor programs commands are designed and stored
170
The effector process is still apart of
It organises information
Central processing
Sequentially and hierarchically
171
What is a motor program
Set of stored commands that guides pattern and form of movement
Uninterrupted by peripheral feedback
172
What is open loop control in motor program
Motor program is run off and uninterupted by feedback
173
What is closed loop control in motor program
Feedback is used to guide correctness of movement
174
What is a hybrid system in motor program
It contacts both open and closed - humans mainly operate in this system
175
How can feedback systems operate
Continuous
Discontinuous
Positive
Negative
176
What occurs in continuous feedback system
Incorporate constant monitoring of the system
177
What occurs in a discontinuous feedback system
Incorporate intermittent monitoring of the system
178
What does positive feedback cause
Change in the same direction as error = about to roll my ankle so I roll with it
179
What does negative feedback cause
Change in the direction opposite of the error = about to roll my ankle i turn my ankle back
180
What are the two parts of a motor program (hierarchical)
Executor program
Subroutines
181
Example of executor program
Example of subroutines
Overhead clear
Grip, Stance, Back swing, Forward swing etc
182
What is Fitts law (1954)
What happens to Index of difficulty
Speed of our movements declines as task difficulty increases
Where there was an increase in Amplitude
And decrease in width
183
What did Fitts say about speed and accuracy
Inversely prop
As speed increases, accuracy declines
visa vera
There it is in balance
184
What is SR theory
Stimulus triggers chain of individual reflex circuits that create a response.
The performer is passive when responding to stimuli
185
Who used hierachical control mechanisms
Henry
Adams
Schmidt
186
What are the 3 areas of complex systems of performance
Performer
Environment
Biomachanics
187
Performer in complex systems of performance involve which two factors
Behavioural - hierarachical
Biological - genetic varies performers
188
Environment in complex systems of performance focus on
Relative predictability
I.e open and closed aspects
189
Biomechanics in complex systems of performance involves which two factors
Physics
System Dynamics
190
Behavioural forms
While System dynamics forms
Motor plan and program
Motor pattern
