Exam 3 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Complex systems of performance are categorised into
A
Performer
Environment
Biomachanics
2
Q
What is under Performer in complex system
A
Behavioural
Biological
3
Q
What is behavioural refering to in performer
What do they involve
A
Central processing approaches that assume hierarchical
Motor plan and motor program
4
Q
What is under Environment in complex system
A
Relative predictability
5
Q
What is relative predictability refering to
A
Open and closed aspects of the regulatory conditions
6
Q
What is under Biomachanics in complex system
A
Physics
System dynamics
7
Q
What is physics refering to in biomachanics
A
Outside forces and their effects on performance
e.g. Gravity
8
Q
What is system dynamics referring to
What do they involve
A
Physical properties that are built into the system
e.g. height
Motor pattern
9
Q
What is biological reffering to
A
Genetic and anatomical constraints vary across individuals
10
Q
All of the sub categories of complex system of performance result in
A
Outcomes, goals and aspects of the learner
May be imposed by rules of games and sports
11
Q
What did schmidt criticise about adams closed loop theory of motor learning
A
Storage of traces - limited storage
Novelty (transfer)
12
Q
What is the moretraditional view of memory
A
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
13
Q
What is sensory memory
A
Echoic memory
Iconic memory
Transient (1-3 seconds)
Literal processing
14
Q
What is short term memory
A
Working memory
Limited capacity with space and time
15
Q
What is long term memory
A
Permanent memory
Accessibility
Semantic processing - means meaning
16
Q
What is novelty
A
The transfer of a skill represents the ability to carry over procedures used to produce it in order to produce a new motor skill
17
Q
How do we test long term memory
A
Acquisition phase
Retention interval
Retention phase
Recoginition
Recall
Transfer
18
Q
Recall is split up into
A
Cued recall
Uncued recall
19
Q
What do dynamic systems approaches not include
A
Memory of motor programs
20
Q
Information is transfered from STM to LTM when
A
Information is meaningful
21
Q
As you age you lose
A
Parts of dendrities
22
Q
Dynamic chaotic systems are not
Instead it is
A
Hierarchical
What the environment, performer and brain contributes
23
Q
Hierarchical involves…
A
The brain making decisions
24
Q
In adams closed loop theory
Trace is…
Memory trace is…
Perceptual trace is…
A
Very specific
Motor program
Proprioceptive feedback
25
What are the 3 main criticisms of adams closed loop theory
Storage
Novelty (transfer)
Hierarchical representation of a program
26
What is the problem with storage
Limited capacity
27
What is the problem with novelty (transfer)
Difficult to have a specific trace for each situation
28
What is transfer
Skills you learned in one place and use them somewhere else
29
What is schema
Generalised representations for a movement class
30
What does a generalised motor program provide
Specific parameters that govern movement for a specific situation
31
What characteristic does schema have
What does it mean
Flexible
The boundaries of a schema change and thus more can be incorporated into a broader schema and the performer becomes more expert in dynamic environment
32
Trace theory represents what
SPECIFIC
33
What were the 4 things that are stored in schmidt schema model
Initial conditions
Reponse specifications - motor programs
Sensory consequences of the response produced
Outcome of the movement
34
What are the initial conditions in the schema model
Environment or where the person is
35
What is the recall schema in schema model
This is where:
You have to bring the information from memory yourself
There is a generalised motor program
Adam called it memory trace
Where information is compared with past experiences
36
What is the recognition schema in schema model
This is where:
Do you recognise if the movement was correct or incorrect
Perceptual trace occurs - proprioceptive feedback
37
The schema model can be
Open or closed based on feedback
38
Where does the generalised motor program reside
In the recall schema
39
Where does the feedback reside
In the recognition schema
40
How do schmidt overcome storage and novelty issues
Through generalisation
41
Long term memory paradigm is made up of
Acquisition
Retention
Transfer
42
What is acquisition
The phase where the performer is getting the idea of the task and learning to modify performance to meet the demands of the environment
43
What is provided during the acquisition phase in an experiment
Knowledge of results
44
What is retention
The phase where the performer is tested on the idea of the task
45
What is provided during the retention phase
Knowledge of results are NOT PROVIDED in retention trials
46
What is transfer
The phase where the performer is tested to see if variations of a task can be performed
47
Variability of practice will do what
Enhance the boundaries of the schema
48
What will constant practice do
Reinforce the same practice
49
What did schmidts theory respond to
Adams theory
50
What is the schema model designed to overcome
The problems of novelty and storage in adams model
51
What is schema strength determined by
Variability of practice
52
Dynamic systems are where
Performance increments are represented as a change over time rather than stored structures that represent motor programs
53
What is a fractal
How do they occur
Patterns that are repeated over and over again in these dynamic systems
They occur in waves, landscapes and in our motor behaviour
54
What is the perception action model mean
The pairing of information taken in and output by the system
55
What is invariant motor behaviour mean
In terms of timing
In terms of parameters
Movement is relatively invarient
The timing of behaviour may slow or speed up but the relative timing remains the same
Parameters change both across and within trials
56
What is human movement variability mean
Based on the dynamic of initial conditions, no two movements will be the same
57
What does coordinative structure mean
A group of muscles are tied together and act as a single unit in movements
58
Ecological approach was first reffered to by...
It allowed research to...
Gibson
Better be applied to the real world
59
What is perturbation mean
Something that disturbs the system
60
What is an attractor
Is it single or multiple coordinates
The state that a movement will end up in regardless of the initial condition
Can be either single or multiple coordinates that represent static or dynamic action
61
In dynamic systems, What is the main focus
Initial conditions which affect the outcomes and the attractor
62
In dynamic systems, What is the focus on regarding with sports
The interaction between the performer and environment
63
What is the difference in dynamic systems and information processing models
The conceptualisation of how action is produced
64
In dynamic systems, motor behaviour is a result from
Interactipons between neurological, biological, musculoskeletal systems
65
Dynamic systems are
Emergent
Constantly change
66
Dynamic systems can be reffered to as
This is where
Self organising
No subsystem has higher order control
It is not hierarachical
67
What is coordination
The process by which an individual constrains their available degree of freedom into smallest number possible to achieve the goal
68
Coordinative synergies result from
Are they born with or developed
Organisational structures that coordinate the degree of freedom for a particular movement
Some are born with
Most are developed
69
Muscles are not controlled...
Instead they are
Individually
Functionally linked with other muscles to form a autonomous system
70
What were Bernsteins specific variables
Antomical
Mechanical
Physiological
71
What is anatomical refering to
Example
Differences in positioning can cause different movements
Pectorial contracted with arms in front is adduction
But when above body they contract the arm by abduction
72
What is mechanical refering to
Focuses on
Relationship between the state of the muscle and the movement sequence
Gravity
Inertia
73
What is physiological refering to
Motor neurons respond to signals from the brain and the spinal cord which work together
74
What does motor equivalence mean
Therefore
More than one neurological pathway can be used to form a motor output
More than one form of output could be used to achieve a goal
75
Who came up with the levels of processing view of human memory
Craik and lockhart
76
What was the new levels of processing framework developed in response to
Traditional box models to understand human memory
77
What do traditional box models focus on
Storage rather than processing
78
What occurs in a levels of processing view
The participant is viewed as an active processor of information rather than a passive processor
79
What does active processing mean
It is less about what I do to inform you as a teacher than the activities that you participate in to become a better learner
80
A basic storage model of memory consists of
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
81
The compartments of the storage model of memory were seen to be
Seperate
And in sequential order with respect to direction
82
Sensory memory refers to
Individuals receiving information from sensory organs and provide them to the system
Recognition of sensory signal
83
Characteristics of sensory memory are
Short lasting = 1-3 seconds
Selectively attended information moves onto short term memory
84
Short term memory lasts for
What determines the strength of the memory and whether it is passed onto LTM
20 - 60 seconds
Repetition and importance of information
85
Long term memory lasts
It is used for
Long time
Generating past experience where it is then processed again in short term memory
86
Why is short term memory sometimes refered to as working memory
Because past experiences are sent back to the short term memories to reconstruct new variations
87
The active processing of a learner is valued with respects to
How the individal processes information
88
What are the factors that affect learning and memory according to levels of processing
Meaningfulness
Elaboration
Compatibility
Familiarity
Encoding - retrieval specificity
89
What is meaningfullness refering to
Meaning = depth of processing
90
What is elaboration refering to
Breadth of processing
91
Adam focuses on
Traces - That are specific
92
Schemidt focused on
He quested adam by
Schema
If we have all these traces where are they stored
93
A schema is a
As you practice...
Generalised notion - like a cloud
The boundaries of the schema cloud widen
Makes it more flexible
94
What does constant practice look like
What does it involve
Represents what
aaa....aaa....aaa....aaa
Practices the exact same task over trials
Represents acquisition portion
95
What are the different types of variable practice
Blocked trial practice
Serial practice
Random practice
96
What is variable practice
Practice different tasks for different trials
97
What does blocked trial practice look like
aaa...bbb...ccc...ddd
98
What does serial practice look like
abc...abc...abc...abc
99
What does random practice look like
abc...bca...bac...cba
100
What does random order do
Stops prediction and anticipation
101
What did schedmit focus on regarding practice
Constant vs variable
Didnt specify which variable
102
What yields better in transfer and retention
Random acquisition
103
What effects levels of processing
Meaningfulness
Familiarity
Compatibility
Elaboration
Encoding/retrieval specificity
Distinctiveness
104
What is Battigs contextual interference caused by
What is it related to
What do motor behaviour scholars operationalise this concept in
Dynamic conditions created by intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Changes in and between individuals and the motor skills they perform
Blocked and random practice
105
Contextual interference caused by random practice produces...
Greater elaboration of memory for a particular category of tasks
