Exam 1

Question 1

the study of humankind, in all times and places

Answer 1

Anthropology

Question 2

the systematic study of humans as biological organisms

Answer 2

Physical Anthropology

Question 3

the branch of anthropology that focuses on human behavior

Answer 3

Cultural Anthropology

Question 4

field of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes

Answer 4

Forensic Anthropology

Question 5

theories about the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of ones own culture

Answer 5

Culture-Bound

Question 6

the study of material remains, usually from the past, to describe and explain human behavior

Answer 6

Archeology

Question 7

the branch of cultural anthropology that studies human language

Answer 7

Linguistic Anthropology

Question 8

an anthropologist who studies cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts

Answer 8

Ethnologist

Question 9

the systematic description of a culture based on firsthand observation

Answer 9

Ethnography

Question 10

in ethnography, the technique of learning a people’s culture through direct participation in their everyday life for an extended period

Answer 10

Participant Observation

Question 11

a fundamental principle of anthropology, that the various parts of culture must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence

Answer 11

Holistic Perspective

Question 12

members of a society in which the ethnographer works who help interpret what she or he sees taking place

Answer 12

Informants

Question 13

the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve “practical” problems, often for a specific client

Answer 13

Applied Anthropology

Question 14

an observation verified by several observers skilled in the necessary techniques of observation

Answer 14

Fact

Question 15

a tentative explanation of the relation between certain phenomena

Answer 15

Hypothesis

Question 16

in science, an explanation of natural phenomena supported by reliable data

Answer 16

Theory

Question 17

the study of cultures of the recent past through oral histories, accounts left by explorers, missionaries, and traders, and through analysis of data such as land titles, birth and death records, and other archival material

Answer 17

Ethnohistory

Question 18

the ideals, values, and beliefs shared by members of a society, that they use to interpret experience and generate behavior and that are reflected in their behavior

Answer 18

Culture

Question 19

a group of interdependent people who share a common culture

Answer 19

Society

Question 20

the rule-governed relationships of individuals and groups within a society that hold it together

Answer 20

Social Structure

Question 21

the elaborations and meanings cultures assign to the biological differentiation of the sexes

Answer 21

Gender

Question 22

a distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates

Answer 22

Subculture

Question 23

societies in which there exist a diversity of cultural patterns

Answer 23

Pluralistic Societies

Question 24

the process by which a society’s culture is passed from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society

Answer 24

Enculturation

Question 25

the tendency for all aspects of a culture to function as an interrelated whole

Answer 25

Integration

Question 26

a process by which organisms achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available environment and the results of that process; the characteristics of organisms that fit them to the particular set of conditions of the environment in which they are generally found

Answer 26

Adaptation

Question 27

the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones

Answer 27

Ethnocentrism

Question 28

the thesis that one must suspend judgement on other peoples' practices [and beliefs and values] in order to understand them in their own cultural terms

Answer 28

Cultural Relativism

Question 29

system of communication using sounds or gestures put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules

Answer 29

Language

Question 30

sounds or gestures that stand for meanings among a group of people

Answer 30

Symbols

Question 31

a sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

Answer 31

Signal

Question 32

the modern scientific study of all aspects of language

Answer 32

Linguistics

Question 33

the study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds

Answer 33

Phonetics

Question 34

in linguistics, the smallest classes of sound that make a difference in meaning

Answer 34

Phonemes

Question 35

the study of the sound patterns of language

Answer 35

Phonology

Question 36

in linguistics, the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning

Answer 36

Morphemes

Question 37

a sound that can occur in a language only in combination with other sounds, as s in English does to signify the plural

Answer 37

Bound Morpheme

Question 38

morphemes that can occur unattached in a language; for example, dog and cat are free morphemes in English

Answer 38

Free Morpheme

Question 39

a method used to identify the syntactic units of language. For example, a category called nouns may be established as anything that will fit the substitution frame " I see a "

Answer 39

Frame Substitution

Question 40

in linguistics, the rules or principles of phrase and sentence making

Answer 40

Syntax

Question 41

the entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about the morphemes and syntax

Answer 41

Grammar

Question 42

the parts of speech or categories of words that work the same way in any sentence

Answer 42

Form Classes

Question 43

a system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages

Answer 43

Kinesics

Question 44

the extralinguistic noises that accompany language, such as crying or laughing

Answer 44

Paralanguage

Question 45

in paralanguage, the background characteristics of a speaker's voice

Answer 45

Voice Qualities

Question 46

identifiable paralinguistic noises turned on and off at perceivable and relatively short intervals

Answer 46

Vocalizations

Question 47

in paralanguage, sound productions such as laughing or crying that humans "speak" through

Answer 47

Vocal Characterizers

Question 48

in paralanguage, sound productions of brief duration that modify utterances in terms of intensity

Answer 48

Vocal Qualifiers

Question 49

in paralanguage, sound productions that are similar to the sounds of language, but do not appear in sequences that can properly be called words

Answer 49

Vocal Segregates

Question 50

a group of languages ultimately descended from a single ancestral language

Answer 50

Language Family

Question 51

the development of different languages from a single ancestral language

Answer 51

Linguistic Divergence

Question 52

in linguistics, a method of dating divergence in branches of language families

Answer 52

Glottochronology

Question 53

in language, pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects

Answer 53

Core Vocabulary

Question 54

the attempt by ethnic minorities, even countries, to proclaim independence by purging their languages of foreign terms or reviving unused languages

Answer 54

Linguistic Nationalism

Question 55

The study of the relation between language and culture

Answer 55

Ethnolinguistics

Question 56

the hypothesis, proposed by linguist R. L. Whorf, that states that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way and thus guides their thinking and behavior

Answer 56

Sapier-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity)

Question 57

varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

Answer 57

Dialects

Question 58

the study of the structure and use of language as it relates to its social settings

Answer 58

Sociolinguistics

Question 59

the process of changing from one level of language to another

Answer 59

Code Switching

Question 60

the ability to refer to objects and events removed in time and space

Answer 60

Displacement