Exam 2

Question 1

a process by which organisms achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available environment, and the results of that process; the characteristics of organisms that fit them to the particular set of conditions of the environment in which they are generally found

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes

Answer 2

Horticulture

Question 3

a system, or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it

Answer 3

Ecosystem

Question 4

cultural change over time; not to be confused with progress

Answer 4

Culture Evolution

Question 5

the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development toward perfection

Answer 5

Progress

Question 6

in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures

Answer 6

Convergent Evolution

Question 7

in cultural evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were similar

Answer 7

Parallel Evolution

Question 8

a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow similar patterns of life

Answer 8

Culture Area

Question 9

the concept of viewing a culture in terms of the relation of its particular technology to the environment that technology exploits

Answer 9

Culture Type

Question 10

the study of the interaction of specific human cultures with their environment

Answer 10

Cultural Ecology

Question 11

the features of a culture that play a part in matters relating to the society’s way of making a living

Answer 11

Culture Core

Question 12

anthropologists who seek to understand the principles behind folk ideologies and the way these ideologies inform people about their environment and help people survive

Answer 12

Ethnoscientists

Question 13

the number of people the available resources can support at a given technological level

Answer 13

Carrying Capacity

Question 14

roughly, the number and intensity of interactions among the members of a camp or other residential unit

Answer 14

Density of Social Relations

Question 15

an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural form of vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted amongst the ashes [also known as “slash-and-burn” agriculture]

Answer 15

Swidden Farming

Question 16

member of a society that regards animal husbandry as the ideal way of making a living and considers movement of all or part of the society a normal and natural way of life

Answer 16

Pastoralist

Question 17

pattern of strict seasonal human movement between different environmental zones

Answer 17

Transhumance

Question 18

the kinds of urban settlements characteristic of non industrial civilizations

Answer 18

Pre-Industrial Cities

Question 19

tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them

Answer 19

Technology

Question 20

a societal obligation compelling a family to distribute goods, so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else

Answer 20

Leveling Mechanism

Question 21

the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties

Answer 21

Reciprocity

Question 22

a mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified

Answer 22

Generalized Reciprocity

Question 23

a mode of exchange whereby the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery

Answer 23

Balanced Reciprocity

Question 24

a form of exchange whereby the giver tries to get the better of the exchange

Answer 24

Negative Reciprocity

Question 25

a form of barter with no verbal communication

Answer 25

Silent Trade

Question 26

a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated

Answer 26

Redistribution

Question 27

a term Thorstein Veblen coined to describe the display of wealth for social prestige

Answer 27

Conspicuous Consumption

Question 28

the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by powers of supply and demand

Answer 28

Market Exchange

Question 29

something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value

Answer 29

Money

Question 30

the production of marketable commodities that for various reasons escape enumeration, regulation, or any other sort of public monitoring or auditing

Answer 30

Informal Economy

Question 31

a residential kin group composed of a woman, her dependent children, and at least one adult male joined through marriage or blood relationship

Answer 31

Family

Question 32

a family consisting of related women, their offspring, and the women's brothers

Answer 32

Consanguine Family

Question 33

a family unit consisting of husband, wife, and dependent children

Answer 33

Nuclear Family

Question 34

the marriage custom of a man having two or more wives simultaneously; a form of polygamy

Answer 34

Polygyny

Question 35

the marriage custom of a woman having two or more husbands simultaneously; a form of polygamy

Answer 35

Polyandry

Question 36

a marriage form in which a man or a woman marries or lives with a series of partners in succession

Answer 36

Serial Monogamy

Question 37

any publicly recognized social entity requiring lineal descent from a particular real or mythical ancestor for membership. fundamental to tribal society

Answer 37

Descent Group

Question 38

descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership

Answer 38

Matrilineal (uterine) Descent

Question 39

descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership

Answer 39

Patrilineal (agnatic) Descent

Question 40

descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the mother's or the father's line, but never both

Answer 40

Unilineal Descent

Question 41

a corporate descent group whose members trace their genealogical links to a common ancestor

Answer 41

Lineage

Question 42

a non corporate descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor without actually knowing the genealogical links to that ancestor

Answer 42

Clan

Question 43

the belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits

Answer 43

Totemism

Question 44

"blood" relatives

Answer 44

Consanguine al Relative

Question 45

relatives by marriage, whether of lineals (e.g., son's wife) or collaterals (e.g., sister's husband)

Answer 45

Affinal Relative

Question 46

``` personal relationships modeled on kinship, based on adoption, religious practice (compadre, godparents, godchildren, etc.), or honor ("Uncle" Henry) ```

Answer 46

Fictive Kin

Question 47

kin in your direct line of descent, i.e., any of ego's ancestors or descendants (e.g., parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren); relatives on the direct line of descent that leads to and from ego

Answer 47

Lineal Relative

Question 48

a biological relative who is not a lineal, such as Br, Si, FaBr, or MoSi

Answer 48

Collateral Relative

Question 49

descent traced through both sexes: mother and father, sister and brother, daughter and son, and so on

Answer 49

Bilateral Descent

Question 50

members of the same patrilineal descent group

Answer 50

Agnates

Question 51

kin related through either the father (male filiation) or the mother (female filiation)

Answer 51

Cognates

Question 52

males descend through males, females through females

Answer 52

Bilineal Descent

Question 53

individual has membership in father's group for some purposes and mother's group for others

Answer 53

Double Descent

Question 54

principle of descent that allows the children to affiliate with either the mothers or fathers group and does not automatically exclude the children of either sons or daughters

Answer 54

Ambilineal

Question 55

one of two descent groups in a given population. usually one moiety intermarries with the other

Answer 55

Moiety

Question 56

what you call someone when talking to them, e.g., "Nanna"

Answer 56

Terms of Address

Question 57

what you call someone when talking about them, e.g., "my grandmother"

Answer 57

Terms of Reference

Question 58

expanded household including three or more generations

Answer 58

Extended Family

Question 59

nuclear family in which one is born and grows up

Answer 59

Family of Orientation

Question 60

nuclear family established when one marries and has children

Answer 60

Family of Procreation

Question 61

child of a mother's brother or a father's sister

Answer 61

Cross Cousins

Question 62

child of a father's brother or a mother's sister

Answer 62

Parallel Cousins

Question 63

Latin for "I" and in kinship charts represents the point from which one views an egocentric genealogy

Answer 63

Ego

Question 64

parental generation kin terminology with four terms: one for Mo, one for Fa, one for FaBr and MoBr, and one for MoSi and FaSi

Answer 64

Lineal Kinship Terminology

Question 65

kinship terminology with only two terms for the parental generation, one designating Mo, MoSi, and FaSi, and the other designating Fa, FaBr, and MoBr

Answer 65

Generational Kinship Terminolgy

Question 66

kinship terminology employing separate terms for Mo, Fa, MoBr, MoSi, FaBr, and FaSi

Answer 66

Bifurcate Collateral Kinship Terminology

Question 67

kinship terminology in which Mo and MoSi are called by the same term, Fa and FaBr are called by the same term, and MoBr and FaSi are called by different terms

Answer 67

Bifurcate Merging Kinship Terminology

Question 68

residence with or near the bride's kin

Answer 68

Matrilocal

Question 69

residence with or near the groom's kin

Answer 69

Patrilocal

Question 70

residence with the wife's relatives after marriage

Answer 70

Uxorilocal

Question 71

residence with the husband's relatives after marriage

Answer 71

Virilocal

Question 72

the couple may reside with either the husband's or the wife's group

Answer 72

Ambilocal

Question 73

married couple have a choice of living near or with the family of either the groom or the bride

Answer 73

Bilocal

Question 74

a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents

Answer 74

Neolocal

Question 75

according to Mann, the social-science word for intermingiling without intermixing

Answer 75

Interdigitization

Question 76

large or giant mammals, such as Mammoths, giant horses or bison

Answer 76

Megafauna

Question 77

the material a Clovis point is made from

Answer 77

Chert

Question 78

type of material used for Radio-carbon dating

Answer 78

Organic Material

Question 79

the date in the Ice Free Corridor theory that the first Americans crossed Berengia and walked down the ice free corridor into the Americas

Answer 79

13,500 Years BP

Question 80

the first director of the Smithsonian who was a very skeptical man

Answer 80

Ales Hrdlicka

Question 81

the First complex culture in Mesoamerica

Answer 81

Olmec

Question 82

they have the second oldest continuously existing representative parliament on earth, which was established in 1142 A.D.

Answer 82

The Haudenosaunee

Question 83

the country in which potatoes were first developed

Answer 83

Peru

Question 84

Cahokia was built with this kind of unstable material

Answer 84

Clay

Question 85

the number of calendars developed in mesoamerica

Answer 85

Three

Question 86

the first named person found in writing in the Americas

Answer 86

1 Earthquake

Question 87

the central crop of Native American societies

Answer 87

Corn

Question 88

the number of languages that Native Americans spoke at contact

Answer 88

1200

Question 89

one of the greatest achievements of early Mesoamerican cultures is this independent invention

Answer 89

Zero