Exam 1 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
sociology
A
science of society and human behavior in a group setting
2
Q
sociology and common sense
A
common sense is not reliable, science (aka sociology) is
3
Q
origins of sociology
A
mid 19th century
4
Q
August Comte
A
- understand and improve society through scientific method
- use science to alleviate social problems
5
Q
Herbert Spencer
A
- sociologists should be only concerned with better and more accurate understanding of society
- societies evolve from simple/primitive to developed/complex and we shouldnt interfere
6
Q
“survival of the fittest”
A
- Herbert Spencer
- social darwinism
- letting people be creates a more developed society
7
Q
Emile Durkheim
A
- work on suicide
- not based on personality or psychological problems dependent on social integration
8
Q
Karl Marx
A
-class conflict and class struggle
9
Q
economic determinism
A
importance of economic arrangements
10
Q
economic base
A
- mode of production
- determines ideas, values, social institutions
11
Q
2 social classes
A
- proletariat = working class
- bourgeoisie = capitalist
12
Q
Max Weber
A
- sociologists cant just depend on what they observe, have to put ourselves in peoples shoes
- include peoples beliefs, intentions, and values
13
Q
Verstehen
A
- understanding
- interpretation of social actor’s behaviors and intentions
14
Q
Weber believed social change came from
A
religious ideas
15
Q
W.E.B. DeBois
A
- academic, sociologist, and reformer
- studied racial divide
16
Q
Macrosociology
A
theoretical perspectives that focus on large scale phenomena
17
Q
functionalist perspective
A
- society is a system of interrelated and interdependent parts
- manifest and latent functions
18
Q
manifest functions
A
intended function
19
Q
latent function
A
not obvious function
20
Q
conflict perspective
A
- society consists of different groups that compete for scarce resources
- class struggle (Marx)
- conflict creates social change
21
Q
microsociology
A
theoretical perspectives that focus on small scale phenomena/face to face interaction/small groups
22
Q
symbolic interactionism
A
society is composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
23
Q
social life depends on…
A
the ways we define ourselves and others
24
Q
casual logic
A
cause and effect
25
variable
a measureable trait or characteristic that varies from one case to another
26
dependent variable
a factor that is changed by an independent variable (effect)
27
independent variable
a factor that causes change
28
positive correlation
move in same direction, one goes up = another goes up
29
negative correlation
move in opposite direction, one goes up = another goes down
30
survey
reach large population
31
random sample
every member of the population has an even chance of getting selected
32
experiment
-experimental and control group
33
experimental group
group exposed to the independent variable
34
control group
group not exposed to the independent variable
35
analysis of documents
newspapers, first hand accounts
36
ethics in sociological research
- protecting the subjects
| - not misleading the subjects
37
culture
- totality of learned, socially transmitted knowledge, customs, material objects, and behaviors
- passed down to generations
38
material culture
- jewelry, art, buildings, machines, weapons, hairstyles, clothing
- tangible things
39
nonmaterial culture
a groups way of thinking and doing things (common patterns of behavior
40
cultural ethnocentrism
using our own groups way of doing things as parameter for judging other groups
41
cultural relativism
understanding a different culture on our own terms
42
Robert Edgerton and "sick societies"
evaluating cultures on their quality of life when comparing
43
values
collective conceptions of what is considered good and desirable
44
norms
standards or rules of behavior
45
mores
very important norms that are essential to core values
46
folkways
not so important norms, not strictly enforced
47
sanctions
-penalties and reward for conduct concerning conformity to social norms
48
positive sanction
approval for following a norm
49
negative sanction
disapproval for breaking a norm
50
culture shock
disorientation people experience when they come into contact with a fundamentally different culture
51
taboo
norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion
52
culture lag
human behavior lagging behind tech innovations
53
cultural diffusion
the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
54
subculture
a group within the larger dominant culture group
55
counterculture
groups with values and norms that are at odds with the dominant culture
56
Socialization
a life long process of learning attitudes, behaviors, and values appropriate for members of a particular society
57
nature
hereditary traits
58
nurture
social environment and contact with others
59
Isabelle and Anne
- I found at age 6 isolated in a room with her deaf/mute mother. able to develop normally
- A had no human interaction, never got passed a certain level IQ
60
Genie
- discovered when she was 13
- scored at level of 1 yr old on intelligence test
- remained in primitive functioning state
61
3 Steps of the looking glass self
1. we imagine how we appear to those around us
2. We interpret others reactions
3. We develop a self concept
62
G.H. Mead
the development of self
| (self += I=Me
63
3 stages of Me development
imitation, play, team games
64
Imitation
- till age 3
- only mimic others
- no self separate from others
65
play
- 3 to 6
| - pretend to take roles of specific people
66
significant other
individuals that influence our life
67
generalized other
our perception of how people in general think of us
68
J Piaget
4 stages of cognitive development
69
Team games
- 6 to 12
| - take on multiple roles
70
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
71
Sensorimotor
- birth to age 2
- direct contact
- dont know that our bodies are separate from the environment
72
Preoperational
- 2 to 7
| - ability to use symbols
73
Concrete Operational
- 7 to 12
- reasoning abilities develop
- can understand numbers, size, causation, and speed
- able to take on role of another
74
Formal Operational
- age 12 and up
| - abstract thought
75
S. Freud
developed theory of origin of personality
76
3 Parts of Personality
ID, ego, superego
77
ID
- basic needs
| - instant gratification
78
Ego
balancing force between id and demands of society that surpress it
79
Ego
balancing force between id and demands of society that suppress it
80
Superego
the conscience
