Exam 2

Question 1

social structure

Answer 1

a framework of society that guides our behavior by providing us with directions and limits

Question 2

social status

Answer 2

position/location

Question 3

role

Answer 3

behavior/obligations attached to a status

Question 4

social interaction

Answer 4

what people do when they are in one another’s presence

Question 5

groups

Answer 5

a collection of people who regularly and consciously interact with one another

Question 6

impression management

Answer 6

the effort to manage our impressions for different audiences

Question 7

bureaucracies

Answer 7

formal organization

Question 8

essential characteristics of bureaucracies

Answer 8

• hierarchy of authority
• division of labor
• written rules/regulations
• written communications/records
• impersonality

Question 9

Dysfunctions of bureaucracy

Answer 9

• trained incapacity

- goal displacement

Question 10

types of leadership

Answer 10

• instrumental leader

- expressive leader

Question 11

styles of leadership

Answer 11

• democratic

- authoritarian

Question 12

Asch’s experiment

Answer 12

• conformity

- wrong answer cards

Question 13

deviance

Answer 13

behavior that violates significant social norms that is dissaproved by a large number of people in a society

Question 14

social control

Answer 14

-used by society to enforce its norms

Question 15

negative sanctions

Answer 15

• punishments

- show society’s disapproval of deviance

Question 16

positive sanctions

Answer 16

• rewards

- show society’s approval of conformity

Question 17

cultural transmission theory

Answer 17

deviant behavior is learned

Question 18

differential association theory

Answer 18

we learn deviant behavior from different groups we associate with

Question 19

strain theory

Answer 19

discrepancy between socially approved goals and socially approved (institutionalized) means
-conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

Question 20

labeling theory

Answer 20

• William Chamblis
• “the saints” and the “roughnecks”
• labels people are given effect their deviance

Question 21

conflict theory

Answer 21

social class is related to criminal justice
-white collar v. property crimes

Question 22

Thomas Szasz

Answer 22

medicalization of deviance

symptom of underlying illness

Question 23

social stratification

Answer 23

the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and privilege

Question 24

open stratification system

Answer 24

class system
-

Question 25

closed stratification system

Answer 25

slavery, caste, estate | -

Question 26

Karl Marx social class definition

Answer 26

class=relationship to the means of production | -bourgeoisie, proletariat

Question 27

Max Weber social class definition

Answer 27

multidimensional approach to social class | -power, prestige, wealth

Question 28

Lenski's theory of social inequality

Answer 28

a synthesis of certain points taken from functionalist and conflict theories - functionalists right for groups not creating surplus - conflict right for groups that create surplus

Question 29

achieved status

Answer 29

positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve some effort on individuals part

Question 30

ascribed status

Answer 30

positions inherited at birth or involuntarily received later in life

Question 31

role conflict

Answer 31

conflict between 2 different roles

Question 32

role strain

Answer 32

conflict happening within 1 (the same) role

Question 33

primary groups

Answer 33

cooperative, long term, face to face, intimate relationships

Question 34

secondary groups

Answer 34

relatively temporary, more formal, impersonal

Question 35

in group

Answer 35

part of

Question 36

out group

Answer 36

separate from

Question 37

reference group

Answer 37

group used for self comparison, peers/family/etc

Question 38

bureaucracies

Answer 38

formal organizations

Question 39

goal displacement

Answer 39

replacing old goals with new ones | after org. reaches its goal and has no reason to continue on...it does

Question 40

instrumental leader

Answer 40

tries to keep the group moving forward, task oriented

Question 41

expressive leader

Answer 41

increases harmony and minimizes group conflict

Question 42

democratic leadership

Answer 42

leads by trying to reach a consensus

Question 43

authoritarian leadership

Answer 43

leads by giving orders

Question 44

conformity

Answer 44

going along with the group even when you disagree or think differently

Question 45

obedience

Answer 45

doing what your told even if you disagree

Question 46

group think

Answer 46

thought by group of people, only one correct answer, no independent thoughts

Question 47

biological explanations of deviance

Answer 47

deviance occurs inside the individual, genetic, personality disorder

Question 48

sociological explanations of deviance

Answer 48

deviance occurs outside the individual and depends on social factors

Question 49

functionalist theory of social inequality

Answer 49

- some positions are more important than others - most important positions filled by most qualified people - most important positions receive greater rewards - inequality is inevitable/good

Question 50

conflict theory of social inequality

Answer 50

- some people inherit money and opportunities - differential functional importance of positions - neglect of dysfunctions of stratification - inequality =not inevitable/bad

Question 51

milligrams experiment

Answer 51

- obedience | - electric shock