Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Composed mostly of myelinated axons
A
White Matter
2
Q
Sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons
A
Dorsal Root
3
Q
Motor (efferent) multipolar neurons; cell bodies in ventral horns
A
Ventral Root
4
Q
Tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and body
A
Myelencephalon (Medulla)
5
Q
Allows the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs
A
Cranial Nerves
6
Q
Cranial Nerve: Vision
A
II. Optic
7
Q
Sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release
A
Mitochondria
8
Q
Tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons
A
Microtubules
9
Q
Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses
A
Synaptic Vesicles
10
Q
Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells
A
Neurotransmitters
11
Q
A neuron with more than 2 processes extending from its cell body
A
Multipolar Neuron
12
Q
Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all; their function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure
A
Multipolar Neuron
13
Q
Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
A
Nuclei
14
Q
Cranial Nerve: Control of eye movements; pupil constriction
A
III. Oculomotor
15
Q
Cranial Nerve: Control of eye movements
A
IV. Trochlear
16
Q
Cranial Nerve: Skin sensations from most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing
A
V. Trigeminal
17
Q
Cranial nerve: Control of eye movements
A
VI. Abducens
18
Q
A plane that shows the brain from the front
A
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
19
Q
Cranial nerve: Control of neck and shoulder movements
A
XI. Accessory
20
Q
Possess identical genes for a given trait
A
Homozygous
21
Q
The observable expression of genetics
A
Phenotype
22
Q
A protuberance on the surface of the brain
A
Gyrus (p. gyri)
23
Q
A long, deep sulcus
A
Fissure
24
Q
When several possible interpretations for an observation exist, precedence is given to the simplest one
A
Morgan’s Canon
25
The brain changes with time and experience... throughout the lifespan
Neuroplasticity
26
Provides cushion, support, temperature control, and circulating nutrition
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
27
The study of physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
Biopsychology
28
Scientific study of the nervous system
Neuroscience
29
Towards the front end
Anterior
30
Towards the back
Dorsal
31
The semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron
Cell Membrane
32
Specialized cells for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals, variety of shapes and sizes
Neurons
33
Towards the bottom
Ventral
34
The metabolic center of the neuron
Cell Body
35
The fatty insulation around many axons
Myelin
36
Towards the middle
Medial
37
Towards the side
Lateral
38
Below
Inferior
39
Above
Superior
40
Located close to the point or origin/attachment
Proximal
41
Located more distant from the point of origin/attachment
Distal
42
A system of folded membranes in the cell body
- Rough portions play a role in the synthesis of proteins
- Smooth portions play a role in the synthesis of fats
Endoplasmic Reticulum
43
A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex
Column
44
Internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
45
Cranial nerve: Taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue; control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the head's blood vessels
VII. Facial
46
Cranial Nerve: Hearing, equilibrium
VIII. Statoacoustic
47
Genetic makeup of an individual
Genotype
48
Similar structure, different evolutionary origin
Analogous Structures
49
Cranial nerve: Sensations from neck and thorax; control of throat, esophagus, and larynx parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines, and other organs
X. Vagus
50
A fold/groove that separates one gyrus from another
Sulcus (p. sulci)
51
Stains the entire neuron; allows for visualization of the sample
Golgi Stain
52
Composed mostly of cell bodies
Gray Matter
53
The spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body
Nucleus
54
Cranial nerve: Smell
I. Olfactory
55
A neuron with one process extending from its cell body
Unipolar Neuron
56
Possess opposite genes for a given trait
Heterozygous
57
Similar structure, similar evolutionary origin
Homologous Structures
58
The study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code
Epigenetics
59
Cranial nerve: Control of muscles of the tongue
XII. Hypoglossal
60
A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually within the PNS
Ganglion
61
A row/layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
Lamina
62
The 3 protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
63
Towards the rear end
Posterior
64
The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons
Dendrites
65
The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body
Axon Hillock
66
The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body
Axon
67
The gaps between sections of myelin
Nodes of Ranvier
68
The button like endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses
(Terminal) Buttons
69
The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
Synapses
70
The plane that shows the brain from the side
Sagital Plane
71
The clear internal fluid of the cell
Cytoplasm
72
A neuron with 2 processes extending from its cell body
Bipolar Neuron
73
Same side of the body
Ipsilateral
74
A set of axons within the CNS, aka a projection
Tract
75
A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland, or from a sensory to the CNS
Nerve
76
Cranial Nerve: Taste and other sensations from throat and posterior third of the tongue; control of swallowing, salivation, throat movements during speech
IX. Glossopharyngeal
77
Clusters of cell bodies in the periphery
Ganglia
78
Extensions that wrap around axons to create a myelin sheath (in CNS)
Oligodendrocytes
79
Create myelin in PNS
Schwann Cells
80
Respond to injury/disease
Microglia
81
Extensions of some cover outer surfaces of blood vessels; play a role in allowing passage of some chemicals, from blood into the CNS and blocking others
Astrocytes
82
A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles
Golgi Complex
83
Provides increased detail of the neuron structure
Electron Microscopy
84
A plane that shows the brain from above
Horizontal (Transverse) Plane
85
Dye binds only to structures in cell bodies, used to count numbers of neurons in an area
Nissl Stain
86
A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
Nucleus
87
Opposite side of the body
Contralateral
88
Auditory part of the tectum
Inferior Colliculi
89
Visual-motor part of the tectum
Superior Colliculi
90
Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
91
Gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct
| -Mediates analgesic effects of opioids
Periaquaductal Gray
92
2 lobes, one on each side of the 3rd ventricle; composed of several nuclei
Thalamus
93
Receive signals from sensory receptors. process, transmit to appropriate areas of sensory cortex
Sensory Relay Nuclei
94
Regulation of motivated behaviors (sleep, eating, sexual behaviors) via regulation of pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
95
Layer of tissue covering cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
96
Tracts connecting hemispheres
Cerebral Commissures
97
6 layers, number I-VI
Cortical neurons (pyramidal, stellate cells)
Columnar organization
Neocortex
98
Difference in electrical charge between inside and outside the cell
Membrane Potential
99
Polarized neuron with -70 mV potential
Resting Potential
100
Pores through which ions can pass
Ion Channels
101
Ions are likely to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration
Concentration Gradient
102
Mechanisms in the cell membrane that actively transport ions/molecules across the membrane
Transporters
103
3 Na+ out/2 K+ in
Sodium-Potassium Pump
104
Information from neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell
Postsynaptic Potentials
105
Increase resting membrane potential
Hyperpolarization
106
Decreases likelihood the neuron will fire
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
107
Decrease resting membrane potential
Depolarization
108
Increases likelihood the neuron will fire
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
109
Amplitudes of EPSPs and IPSPs are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them
Graded Responses
110
Amplitude of message decreases as it travels through the neuron
Decremental
111
Action potential traveling in its "natural" direction
Orthodromic Conduction
112
Action potential traveling in the reverse direction
Antidromic Conduction
113
No action potential can occur
Absolute Refractory Period
114
Action potential can only occur if higher than normal stimulation from EPSPs
Relative Refractory Period
115
The integration of neural signals that occur at different times at the same synapse
Temporal Summation
116
The integration of signals that originate at different sites on the neuron's membrane
Spatial Summation
117
Synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites
Axodendritic Synapses
118
Synapses of axon terminal buttons on somas/cell bodies
Axosomatic Synapses
119
Often capable of transmission in either direction
Dendrodendritic Synapses
120
Can mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibition
Axoaxonic Synapses
121
Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site or neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity
Directed Synapses
122
Synapses at which the site of release is at some distance from the site of reception
Nondirected Synapses
123
Short amino acid chains (3-36 amino acids); short proteins
Neuropeptides
124
Process of neurotransmitter release
Excytosis
125
Metabotropic receptors located on the presynaptic membrane
Autoreceptors
126
Neurotransmitter molecules are drawn back into presynaptic neurons by transporter proteins
Reuptake
127
Neurotransmitters are broken apart in the synapse by enzymes
Enzymatic Degradation
128
Narrow spaces between adjacent cells that are bridged by tubular, cytoplasm-filled protein channels
Gap Junctions
129
Mimic/enhance the action of a neurotransmitter
Full Agonist
130
Activate a receptor, but cause only a minimal/partial response
Partial Agonist
131
Block the effect of neurotransmitters or agonist drugs
Antagonist
132
Binds to the same receptors as agonist, but produce opposite results
Inverse Agonist
133
One drug increases the effects of another drug
Potentiation
134
Applications of magnetic stimulation to a portion of the scalp; inactivates neurons in a narrow area below the magnet, producing a "virtual lesion"
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
135
Useful for localization of vascular damage; location of tumors
Cranial Angiogram
136
Computer-assisted x-ray; structural imaging
CT Scan
137
Radioactive chemicals injected; scans pick up areas of the brain that are most active (draw the most of the chemical)
PET Scan
138
Measurement of radio-frequency waves that hydrogen atoms emit as they align with a powerful magnetic field
MRI
139
Measurement of oxygen flow in blood to active areas of the brain
fMRI
140
A measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain
EEG
141
Procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation
Gene Knockout Techniques
142
Replace one gene with another
Gene Replacement Techniques
