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Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Composed mostly of myelinated axons

A

White Matter

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2
Q

Sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons

A

Dorsal Root

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3
Q

Motor (efferent) multipolar neurons; cell bodies in ventral horns

A

Ventral Root

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4
Q

Tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and body

A

Myelencephalon (Medulla)

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5
Q

Allows the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs

A

Cranial Nerves

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6
Q

Cranial Nerve: Vision

A

II. Optic

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7
Q

Sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

Tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons

A

Microtubules

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9
Q

Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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10
Q

Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

A neuron with more than 2 processes extending from its cell body

A

Multipolar Neuron

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12
Q

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all; their function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure

A

Multipolar Neuron

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13
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

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14
Q

Cranial Nerve: Control of eye movements; pupil constriction

A

III. Oculomotor

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15
Q

Cranial Nerve: Control of eye movements

A

IV. Trochlear

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16
Q

Cranial Nerve: Skin sensations from most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing

A

V. Trigeminal

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17
Q

Cranial nerve: Control of eye movements

A

VI. Abducens

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18
Q

A plane that shows the brain from the front

A

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

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19
Q

Cranial nerve: Control of neck and shoulder movements

A

XI. Accessory

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20
Q

Possess identical genes for a given trait

A

Homozygous

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21
Q

The observable expression of genetics

A

Phenotype

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22
Q

A protuberance on the surface of the brain

A

Gyrus (p. gyri)

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23
Q

A long, deep sulcus

A

Fissure

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24
Q

When several possible interpretations for an observation exist, precedence is given to the simplest one

A

Morgan’s Canon

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25
Q

The brain changes with time and experience… throughout the lifespan

A

Neuroplasticity

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26
Q

Provides cushion, support, temperature control, and circulating nutrition

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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27
Q

The study of physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience

A

Biopsychology

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28
Q

Scientific study of the nervous system

A

Neuroscience

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29
Q

Towards the front end

A

Anterior

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30
Q

Towards the back

A

Dorsal

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31
Q

The semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

A

Cell Membrane

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32
Q

Specialized cells for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals, variety of shapes and sizes

A

Neurons

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33
Q

Towards the bottom

A

Ventral

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34
Q

The metabolic center of the neuron

A

Cell Body

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35
Q

The fatty insulation around many axons

A

Myelin

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36
Q

Towards the middle

A

Medial

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37
Q

Towards the side

A

Lateral

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38
Q

Below

A

Inferior

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39
Q

Above

A

Superior

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40
Q

Located close to the point or origin/attachment

A

Proximal

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41
Q

Located more distant from the point of origin/attachment

A

Distal

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42
Q

A system of folded membranes in the cell body

  • Rough portions play a role in the synthesis of proteins
  • Smooth portions play a role in the synthesis of fats
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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43
Q

A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex

A

Column

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44
Q

Internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

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45
Q

Cranial nerve: Taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue; control of facial expressions, crying, salivation, and dilation of the head’s blood vessels

A

VII. Facial

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46
Q

Cranial Nerve: Hearing, equilibrium

A

VIII. Statoacoustic

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47
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual

A

Genotype

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48
Q

Similar structure, different evolutionary origin

A

Analogous Structures

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49
Q

Cranial nerve: Sensations from neck and thorax; control of throat, esophagus, and larynx parasympathetic nerves to stomach, intestines, and other organs

A

X. Vagus

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50
Q

A fold/groove that separates one gyrus from another

A

Sulcus (p. sulci)

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51
Q

Stains the entire neuron; allows for visualization of the sample

A

Golgi Stain

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52
Q

Composed mostly of cell bodies

A

Gray Matter

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53
Q

The spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body

A

Nucleus

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54
Q

Cranial nerve: Smell

A

I. Olfactory

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55
Q

A neuron with one process extending from its cell body

A

Unipolar Neuron

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56
Q

Possess opposite genes for a given trait

A

Heterozygous

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57
Q

Similar structure, similar evolutionary origin

A

Homologous Structures

58
Q

The study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code

A

Epigenetics

59
Q

Cranial nerve: Control of muscles of the tongue

A

XII. Hypoglossal

60
Q

A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually within the PNS

A

Ganglion

61
Q

A row/layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

A

Lamina

62
Q

The 3 protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

63
Q

Towards the rear end

A

Posterior

64
Q

The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

A

Dendrites

65
Q

The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

A

Axon Hillock

66
Q

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

A

Axon

67
Q

The gaps between sections of myelin

A

Nodes of Ranvier

68
Q

The button like endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses

A

(Terminal) Buttons

69
Q

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

A

Synapses

70
Q

The plane that shows the brain from the side

A

Sagital Plane

71
Q

The clear internal fluid of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

72
Q

A neuron with 2 processes extending from its cell body

A

Bipolar Neuron

73
Q

Same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

74
Q

A set of axons within the CNS, aka a projection

A

Tract

75
Q

A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland, or from a sensory to the CNS

A

Nerve

76
Q

Cranial Nerve: Taste and other sensations from throat and posterior third of the tongue; control of swallowing, salivation, throat movements during speech

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal

77
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the periphery

A

Ganglia

78
Q

Extensions that wrap around axons to create a myelin sheath (in CNS)

A

Oligodendrocytes

79
Q

Create myelin in PNS

A

Schwann Cells

80
Q

Respond to injury/disease

A

Microglia

81
Q

Extensions of some cover outer surfaces of blood vessels; play a role in allowing passage of some chemicals, from blood into the CNS and blocking others

A

Astrocytes

82
Q

A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

A

Golgi Complex

83
Q

Provides increased detail of the neuron structure

A

Electron Microscopy

84
Q

A plane that shows the brain from above

A

Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

85
Q

Dye binds only to structures in cell bodies, used to count numbers of neurons in an area

A

Nissl Stain

86
Q

A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

A

Nucleus

87
Q

Opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

88
Q

Auditory part of the tectum

A

Inferior Colliculi

89
Q

Visual-motor part of the tectum

A

Superior Colliculi

90
Q

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

91
Q

Gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct

-Mediates analgesic effects of opioids

A

Periaquaductal Gray

92
Q

2 lobes, one on each side of the 3rd ventricle; composed of several nuclei

A

Thalamus

93
Q

Receive signals from sensory receptors. process, transmit to appropriate areas of sensory cortex

A

Sensory Relay Nuclei

94
Q

Regulation of motivated behaviors (sleep, eating, sexual behaviors) via regulation of pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

Layer of tissue covering cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebral Cortex

96
Q

Tracts connecting hemispheres

A

Cerebral Commissures

97
Q

6 layers, number I-VI
Cortical neurons (pyramidal, stellate cells)
Columnar organization

A

Neocortex

98
Q

Difference in electrical charge between inside and outside the cell

A

Membrane Potential

99
Q

Polarized neuron with -70 mV potential

A

Resting Potential

100
Q

Pores through which ions can pass

A

Ion Channels

101
Q

Ions are likely to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration

A

Concentration Gradient

102
Q

Mechanisms in the cell membrane that actively transport ions/molecules across the membrane

A

Transporters

103
Q

3 Na+ out/2 K+ in

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

104
Q

Information from neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell

A

Postsynaptic Potentials

105
Q

Increase resting membrane potential

A

Hyperpolarization

106
Q

Decreases likelihood the neuron will fire

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

107
Q

Decrease resting membrane potential

A

Depolarization

108
Q

Increases likelihood the neuron will fire

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

109
Q

Amplitudes of EPSPs and IPSPs are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them

A

Graded Responses

110
Q

Amplitude of message decreases as it travels through the neuron

A

Decremental

111
Q

Action potential traveling in its “natural” direction

A

Orthodromic Conduction

112
Q

Action potential traveling in the reverse direction

A

Antidromic Conduction

113
Q

No action potential can occur

A

Absolute Refractory Period

114
Q

Action potential can only occur if higher than normal stimulation from EPSPs

A

Relative Refractory Period

115
Q

The integration of neural signals that occur at different times at the same synapse

A

Temporal Summation

116
Q

The integration of signals that originate at different sites on the neuron’s membrane

A

Spatial Summation

117
Q

Synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites

A

Axodendritic Synapses

118
Q

Synapses of axon terminal buttons on somas/cell bodies

A

Axosomatic Synapses

119
Q

Often capable of transmission in either direction

A

Dendrodendritic Synapses

120
Q

Can mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibition

A

Axoaxonic Synapses

121
Q

Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site or neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity

A

Directed Synapses

122
Q

Synapses at which the site of release is at some distance from the site of reception

A

Nondirected Synapses

123
Q

Short amino acid chains (3-36 amino acids); short proteins

A

Neuropeptides

124
Q

Process of neurotransmitter release

A

Excytosis

125
Q

Metabotropic receptors located on the presynaptic membrane

A

Autoreceptors

126
Q

Neurotransmitter molecules are drawn back into presynaptic neurons by transporter proteins

A

Reuptake

127
Q

Neurotransmitters are broken apart in the synapse by enzymes

A

Enzymatic Degradation

128
Q

Narrow spaces between adjacent cells that are bridged by tubular, cytoplasm-filled protein channels

A

Gap Junctions

129
Q

Mimic/enhance the action of a neurotransmitter

A

Full Agonist

130
Q

Activate a receptor, but cause only a minimal/partial response

A

Partial Agonist

131
Q

Block the effect of neurotransmitters or agonist drugs

A

Antagonist

132
Q

Binds to the same receptors as agonist, but produce opposite results

A

Inverse Agonist

133
Q

One drug increases the effects of another drug

A

Potentiation

134
Q

Applications of magnetic stimulation to a portion of the scalp; inactivates neurons in a narrow area below the magnet, producing a “virtual lesion”

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

135
Q

Useful for localization of vascular damage; location of tumors

A

Cranial Angiogram

136
Q

Computer-assisted x-ray; structural imaging

A

CT Scan

137
Q

Radioactive chemicals injected; scans pick up areas of the brain that are most active (draw the most of the chemical)

A

PET Scan

138
Q

Measurement of radio-frequency waves that hydrogen atoms emit as they align with a powerful magnetic field

A

MRI

139
Q

Measurement of oxygen flow in blood to active areas of the brain

A

fMRI

140
Q

A measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain

A

EEG

141
Q

Procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation

A

Gene Knockout Techniques

142
Q

Replace one gene with another

A

Gene Replacement Techniques

Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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