Exam 3

Question 1

Effects of one drug interacts with the effects of another drug; usually a multiplier effect

Answer 1

Potentiation

Question 2

State of decreased sensitivity to a drug’s effects resulting from prior exposure

Answer 2

Drug tolerance

Question 3

Daily changes (~24 hrs); e.g. human sleep-wake cycles

Answer 3

Endogenous circadian rhythms

Question 4

Species capable of generating body heat internally (e.g. mammals); cooling> evaporation (sweat), heating> shivering

Answer 4

Endothermic/homeothermic

Question 5

Input from temperature receptors in skin, organs, brain, immune system
Sends information to the hindbrain, which controls physiological mechanisms

Answer 5

Preoptic Area (POA)/ Anterior Hypothalamus (AH)

Question 6

The behavioral manifestation of the underlying circadian rhythm

Answer 6

Chronotype

Question 7

Main driver of rhythms for sleep and body temperature

Part of the hypothalamus, neurons inactive at night; begin to fire at dawn; fire steady pace all day

Answer 7

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Question 8

Small branch of optic nerve from retina to SCN, alters SCN’s setting; responds to average overall amount of light (not sudden changes)

Answer 8

Retinohypothalamic Path

Question 9

Temporarily increased set point for body temperature;
directed by hypothalamus, adaptive to fight infection, any deviation causes activation of physiological mechanisms to keep homeostasis, increased temperature becomes the new normal

Answer 9

Fever

Question 10

Motivation to eat

Answer 10

Hunger

Question 11

Hormone released by the pineal gland; causes drowsiness,
release begins to increase 2-3 hours before bedtime
pineal gland directed by the SCN

Answer 11

Melatonin

Question 12

Supply the body with energy/nutritional resources needed for survival

Answer 12

Eating

Question 13

A state actively produced by the brain; characterized by decreased response to stimuli

Answer 13

Sleeping

Question 14

Process of breaking down food and absorbing it into the body; GI tract

Answer 14

Digestion

Question 15

Stage of sleep? Before sleep, alpha waves

Answer 15

Stage 1

Question 16

Bacteria and other organisms within the GI tract

Answer 16

Gut Microbiome

Question 17

Stage of sleep? Theta waves, K complex, sleep spindles

Answer 17

Stage 2

Question 18

Tolerance to the effects of one drug that develops as the results of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism

Answer 18

Cross Tolerance

Question 19

Effects opposite of the drug, compensatory changes in brain tolerance, taking away the substance

Answer 19

Withdrawal

Question 20

An increase in the sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

Answer 20

Drug Sensitization

Question 21

Tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered

Answer 21

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

Question 22

Stimuli that regularly predict the administration of the drug cause preemptive compensatory change to occur in the brain

Answer 22

Conditioned Compensatory Responses

Question 23

Lowers levels of blood-borne fuels in preparation for the influx (ceph. phase)
Minimize increased levels of blood-borne fuels by utilizing and storing (absp. phase)
Promotes use of glucose as a primary source of energy

Answer 23

Insulin

Question 24

Temperature regulation and other processes that keep body variables within a fixed range

Answer 24

Homeostasis

Question 25

A single value/narrow range that the body strives to maintain

Answer 25

Set Point

Question 26

Species active during the day, sleep at night

Answer 26

Diurnal

Question 27

The adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation Hypothalamus; beneficial short-term, potentially damaging long-term

Answer 27

Allostasis

Question 28

Species active at night, sleep during the day

Answer 28

Nocturnal

Question 29

The body continuously adapting. "overload", processes of homeostasis continuously having to adapt

Answer 29

Allostatic Load

Question 30

Species most active at dawn/dusk; e.g. deer

Answer 30

Crepuscular

Question 31

Annual/yearly changes; e.g. migratory birds

Answer 31

Endogenous circannual rhythms

Question 32

The energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest

Answer 32

Basal Metabolism

Question 33

Fats

Answer 33

Lipids

Question 34

Breakdown of products in proteins

Answer 34

Amino Acids

Question 35

Most storage of food in the form of ?

Answer 35

fat

Question 36

A simple sugar; the breakdown product of complex carbs

Answer 36

Glucose

Question 37

Brain structure that deals with wakefulness

Answer 37

Posterior Hypothalamus

Question 38

Brain structure that deals with sleep

Answer 38

Anterior Hypothalamus

Question 39

Brain structure that manages arousal and wakefulness

Answer 39

Reticular Formation

Question 40

Brain structure that has control of various aspects of REM sleep

Answer 40

Caudal Reticular Formation Nuclei

Question 41

Interferes with spread of information from one neuron to the next one/one area of the brain to the next

Answer 41

GABA

Question 42

Any amount of sleep less than the recommended/required amount When sleep duration is decreased, sleep efficiency is increased

Answer 42

Sleep Deprivation

Question 43

Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep Slow onset, frequent waking, early waking

Answer 43

Insomnia

Question 44

Too much sleep

Answer 44

Hypersomnia

Question 45

Individual stops breathing frequently throughout the night, causing brief wakings (often not remembered)

Answer 45

Sleep Apnea

Question 46

Sleep apnea when something is blocking the airway during sleep

Answer 46

Obstructive sleep apnea

Question 47

Stage of sleep? Delta waves

Answer 47

Stage 3

Question 48

Stored in liver and muscles; readily converted to glucose

Answer 48

Glycogen

Question 49

The assumption that hunger is typically triggered by a decline in the body's energy reserves below their set point

Answer 49

Set Point Assumption

Question 50

Humans not normally driven to eat because of internal energy deficits Drawn to eat by the positive incentive value Degree of hunger felt at point in time depends on the interaction of all the factors that influence the positive incentive value of eating

Answer 50

Positive-incentive theories

Question 51

Preparatory phase; begins with sight, smells, thoughts of food

Answer 51

Cephalic Phase

Question 52

Energy is absorbed into the bloodstream, meeting immediate energy needs

Answer 52

Absorptive Phase

Question 53

Unstored energy from previous meal has been used and fat stores are used; ends with beginning of next cephalic phase

Answer 53

Fasting Phase

Question 54

Feeling of "fullness" when we've consumed enough energy, takes ~20 minutes

Answer 54

Metabolic Satiety

Question 55

Small amounts of food consumed before a meal increase hunger rather than reduce it

Answer 55

Appetizer Effect

Question 56

Stop eating a particular food when we're tired of it (but may continue to eat a different food)

Answer 56

Sensory-specific satiety

Question 57

Primary role of hypothalamus with eating?

Answer 57

Regulation of metabolism

Question 58

Any substance that acts on the brain (CNS) to alter mood, behavior, thought, perception, consciousness

Answer 58

Psychoactive Drugs

Question 59

Binds to receptors in the hypothalamus, makes you feel full

Answer 59

Satiety Peptides

Question 60

Synthesized in the hypothalamus, makes you feel hungry

Answer 60

Hunger Peptides

Question 61

A monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and gut Associated with a shift in food preferences away from fatty foods Reduces amount of food consumed at each meal (not # of meals)

Answer 61

Serotonin

Question 62

Mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to levels of body fat

Answer 62

Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

Question 63

Released by fat stores Provides negative feedback to the brain about amount of fat stores Subcutaneous (under fat) stores

Answer 63

Leptin

Question 64

Released by pancreas Levels within the brain relatively stable across time; correlated with fat Visceral (around internal organs) fat

Answer 64

Insulin

Question 65

Body weight tends to drift around a natural "settling point"- the level at which various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium enduring change can alter set point

Answer 65

Settling Point Theory

Question 66

Sleep apnea where the brain doesn't send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing during sleep, no visible obstruction

Answer 66

Central Sleep Apnea