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Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

ch 6-8, 10-11

1
Q

Controls the digestive system and other organs

A

Smooth Muscle

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2
Q

Each level of the hierarchy composed of different neural structures, each performing a different function

A

Functional Segregation

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3
Q

Fibers produce less vigorous contractions without fatigue, aerobic

A

Slow-Twitch Muscles

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4
Q

Adapt rapidly, they respond to sudden displacements of the skin, but not to constant pressure

A

Fast Adapting Receptors

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5
Q

Fluid at the front of the eye; constantly replenished

A

Aqueous Humor

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6
Q

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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7
Q

Each muscle fiber requires information from ? axon but a single axon may innervate many muscle fibers

A

one

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8
Q

Cancerous; difficult/impossible to remove/destroy completely; remaining tissue continues to grow

A

Malignant Tumor

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9
Q

Senses external stimuli applied to the skin

A

Exteroceptive System

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10
Q

A blockage of blood flow

A

Thrombosis

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11
Q

A specialized sensory neuron will signal the same perceptual information regardless of how its stimulated

A

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

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12
Q

Interpretation of sensory information by the brain

A

Perception

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13
Q

Amnesia following a non-penetrating blow to the head

initial stage- may last seconds or minutes, severe cases last much longer

A

Coma

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14
Q

Changes curvature (accommodation) to refract light on the back of the eye

A

Lens

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15
Q

Ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting conditions

A

Retinex Theory

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16
Q

The act of smelling, the sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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17
Q

Organized according to the map of the body

A

Somatotopic

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18
Q

Occurs under the site of impact with an object

A

Coup Injury

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19
Q

Proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

A

Muscle Spindles

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20
Q

Surgically removable; little risk of regrowth; non-cancerous

A

Benign tumors

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21
Q

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye
On average, humans will respond to wavelengths from about 380-780 nm

A

Human Visible Spectrum

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22
Q

Hearing ? with age

A

worsens/decreases

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23
Q

Conversion of raw, incoming sensory information into neural information

A

Transduction

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24
Q

Damage to the outer ear, tympanic membrane, or middle ear

A

Conductive Deafness

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25
Fibers produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly; anaerobic
Fast-Twitch Muscles
26
A type of proprioceptor that responds to increases in muscle tension
Golgi tendon organ
27
Integrating a continuous and rapid stream of information into discrete perceptual events/episodes
Temporal Integration
28
Control movement of the body in relation to the environment
Skeletal Muscles
29
General goals
Association Cortex
30
Size/color/shape perceived as consistent across conditions
Perceptual Constancy
31
Pathology: Gradual loss of neurons in the substantia nigra/loss of dopamine-releasing axons to the striatum Treatment: L-dopa
Parkinson's Disease
32
Ventilate the middle ear space to ensure its pressure is near normal environmental air pressure, drain any accumulated secretions, infection, or debris from the middle ear
Eustachian Tube
33
Tumors that originate in some other area of the body; carried to the brain via the bloodstream
Metastatic Tumors
34
Sudden onset cerebrovascular disorder; disruption of blood supply to an area of the brain
Stroke
35
Area of dysfunctional tissue covering the infarct
Penumbra
36
Groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potential potentially out of phase with another, so when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be sent to the brain to be analyzed
Volley Theory
37
Seizure that begins at a focal point in the brain, firing in synchronous bursts
Focal Seizure
38
A bundle of nerve fibers that carry hearing information between the cochlea and the brain
Auditory Nerve
39
Three, small, fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help with balance
Semicircular Canals
40
Occurs on the opposite side of the area that was hit
Contrecoup Injury
41
Distinct neuropathology resulting in dementia; cumulative effects of recurrent mild to moderate blows to the head Symptoms: memory impairment, erratic behavior, depression, impulsive behavior, suicidal Risks: Timing (repeats in a certain window), age (<12), number of years playing a sport
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
42
Adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation and skin stretch
Slow Adapting Receptors
43
Receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the incus
Malleus
44
Seizures that involve the whole brain
Generalized Seizure
45
The way we store information while we're working on it
Working Memory
46
Transmits sound from the pinna to the ear drum
Auditory Canal
47
Conscious memories
Explicit Memories
48
The frequency of the auditory nerve's impulses corresponding to the frequency of a tone, which lets us detect its path
Frequency Theory
49
A physical trace for a memory in the brain
Engram
50
Separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea and the scala media and tympani
Basilar Membrane
51
Detection of physical energy in the environment
Sensation
52
A fixed sequence of movements
Motor Program
53
Transforms sounds into neural messages
Cochlea
54
The membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea
Oval Window
55
Transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window
Stapes
56
Facilitates hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the air to the bones in the middle ear
Tympanic Membrane
57
Memories that are expressed by performance without conscious recall or recognition
Implicit Memories
58
Movement from short term to long term memory
Consolidation
59
Mostly densely packed with cones; best visual acuity
Fovea
60
Refracts the light to focus it on the back of the eye
Cornea
61
Dilation and weakening in the wall of a cerebral artery
Aneurysm
62
We perceive color in terms of opposites
Opponent-Process Theory
63
Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury
Anterograde Amnesia
64
Receives information from the primary sensory system
Secondary Sensory System
65
Cerebral blood vessel ruptures; blood leaks into surrounding brain tissue
Cerebral Hemorrhage
66
A disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head; no evidence of contusion or other structural damage
Concussion
67
Receives information from the thalamus
Primary Sensory System
68
Heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles
Cardiac Muscles
69
Each eye sees a slightly different image
Binocular Disparity
70
Many types of receptors in the skin
Cutaneous Receptors
71
Color is perceived through the relative response of three types of cones, each maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths
Trichromatic Theory
72
Clusters of 50-100 taste receptor cells on the tongue
Taste Buds
73
Time it takes for rods to become maximally responsive after removing bright light
Dark Adaptation
74
Acts as a funnel to assist in direct sound further into the ear
Pinna
75
Receives vibrations from the malleus, to which it's connected laterally, and transmits them to the stapes
Incus
76
Why don't we see the blind spot? (2)
Our brains fill in the information for us | There are no rods or cones in the blind spot
77
Release of ? causes the muscle to contract
acetylcholine
78
Dark area in the center of the eye
Pupil
79
Membrane covering the back of the eye
Retina
80
Disruption of blood supply to an area of the brain
Cerebral ischemia
81
Opening that modifies the amount of light permitted through the pupil; colored part of the eye
Iris
82
Area of dead/dying brain tissue caused by the stroke
Infarct
83
Blockage carried larger vessel to a smaller one, blocking the artery
Embolism
84
Thickening of the arterial walls, collection of fat deposits
Arteriosclerosis
85
A sensory cell specialized for the reception of smell
Olfactory Cell
86
One of the small, round, or cone-shaped protuberances on the tongue that contain taste buds
Papillae
87
Loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury
Retrograde Amnesia
88
One or more axons connected to a dendrite bombarded with a rapid series of stimuli; leaves some of the synapses potentiated
Long term potentiation (LTP)
89
Receives information from the secondary sensory system, also from other sensory systems
Association Sensory Cortex
90
A mass of cells that grow independently from the rest of the body
Tumor
91
Gel-like mass between lens and retina Maintains interocular pressure Provides nutrition to the eye Stagnant, unchanging
Vitreous Humor
92
Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve
Nerve Deafness
93
Our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane
Place Theory

Psychology 3313- Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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