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ANT 121 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Fields of Anthropology

A 
Biological/physical
Archaeology
Linguistics
Cultural
Applied
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2
Q

Biological/Physical Anthropology

A

the study of humans as biological organisms, within framework of education

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3
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of earlier cultures and ways of life; specializes in analysis of material remains of past cultures

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4
Q

Linguistics

A

Study of communication, especially language in sociocultural context

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5
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

Study of living people and their cultures; focus on cross-cultural version of practical problems

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6
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

Application of method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems

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7
Q

Culture (formal)

A

civilization; the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man or society

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8
Q

Culture

A

ways of acting, recognizing the world, and valuing the world as they are socially learned and transmitted

acting = speaking, ornamenting, or dressing
recognizing the world = beliefs

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9
Q

Five characteristics of culture

A

culture is…

learned, adaptive, related to nature, based on symbols, cultures change and interact

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10
Q

Society

A

life organized in groups, how a group of individuals relate to one another

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11
Q

Role

A

a part to be played by an individual in a society

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12
Q

enculturation

A

the acquisition of culture through learning

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13
Q

Culture related to nature

A

culture is valued over nature; culture has a wider impact on how humans see the world

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14
Q

Cultural Change

A

Diffusion, Acculturation, Independent invention

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

gradual spread of cultural features between groups of people

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16
Q

Acculturation

A

Assimilation into another culture, typically by the dominant one

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17
Q

Independent Invention

A

the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems; a mechanism of cultural change

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18
Q

Cultural Shock

A

deep feelings of uneasiness when shifting from one culture to another

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19
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group/culture

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20
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

all cultures should be understood in terms of their values and beliefs; should not be judged by the standards of another culture

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21
Q

Absolute Cultural Relativism

A

point of view that one culture should not be judged by viewpoint of another culture

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22
Q

Critical Cultural Relativism

A

Should strive to understand behaviors and beliefs for functions or meanings that they have to people in societies in which they are found; should pose questions about cultural practices, does not take a homogenized view of cultural complexity, recognizes that there are many internal diffferences in cultures; sometimes powerful groups exploit less powerful groups

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23
Q

Discourse

A

ways of talking, thinking, or representing particular subject; produces meaningful knowledge about that subject, and pow operates in relations of power

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24
Q

Power

A

dominant discourses/classes reinforce “knowledge as truths”, methods of control, power produces knowledge

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25
ethnography
the qualitative study and systematic recording of human cultures, the descriptive work produced from research; realist and reflexive
26
Realist view of ethnography
ethnography can and should strive to document sociocultural processes, structures, and situations as existing independently of researcher
27
Reflexive view of ethnography
researchers aim to explore the ways in which the researchers involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon, and informs such research
28
Ethnographic Techniques
participant observation, in-depth interviewing, narratives/life stories, genealogical method, surveys, questionnaires, archival work
29
Father of Ethnography
Bronislav Malinowski: obtained by studying primitive culture threatened by westernization
30
Proper Conditions of ethnographic fieldwork
living with the natives, dont passively observe, be persistent, write down everything, create a synoptic chart with code for human life
31
Layers of "real" ethnographic" account
skeleton - outline of tribal constitution flesh and blood - data of daily life and ordinary behavior (cultural practices) spirit - natives views and opinions and cultural beliefs
32
Reflexivity in anthropology/ethnography
researchers awareness of the analytical focus; the way that cultural practices involve consciousness and commentary on themselves
33
Borgois & Schonberg
righteous dopefiends; follow drug addicts in san franciso living by edgewater blvd
34
Violence continuum
relationship between three types of violence (physical, structural, symbolic)
35
Physical violence
domestic abuse, police abuse, genocide, most visible form
36
Structural violence
SYSTEMIC WAYS A SOCIETAL STRUCTURE PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM MEETING BASIC NEEDS. SEXISM, RACISM, NATIONALISM, POVERTY societal rules/laws tailored to certain groups of people, oppressing those who don't have the same capabilities as others (financial, social) example: healthcare. name didn't show up from showing up on list for treatment in time, structure is keeping him from going to clinic
37
Symbolic violence
embodiment of structural violence -- an internalized norm. "thats just how it is"; deserve to be treated a certain way in society. acceptance of domination most pervasive and damging kids treated as less smart get worse test grades
38
Book examples of violence in san francisco
physical -- actions of alledged serial killer on capp street structural -- relaxed law enforcement in bad neighborhoods allows easy access to harmful drugs as well as guns symbolic -- internalizing their position in society and the harm that is done to them by structural issues. tina make self depricating statements.
39
achieved identities
membership through action
40
ascribed identities
membership determined by birth (race)
41
adaptive significance of skin color
pigment in skin absorbs UV light and protects from overexposure to UV
42
why race is not a meaningful biological concept
very little genetic variation between racial groups, physical variation often does not correspond to race categories; no clear boundaries
43
whiteness as a norm
normal, origin free, acultural, individual, ahistoric, power WHITE PRIVILEGE
44
Forces of production
means of production (tools, plants, equipments, raw materials) and labor power (productive faculties of men such as skills, knowledge, imagination)
45
Relations of production
economic systems, legal and property relations property relations-- socialism, capitalism, slavery, feudalism
46
social and politcal relations
form of government, repression and false consciousness (culture religion family ideology)
47
Base of society
forces of production and relations of production
48
Superstructure of society
social and political relations
49
commodities
objects that satisfy human needs that both give use value and exchange value
50
value of commodities
labor time necessary for production
51
capitalism labor commodity
labor value -- labor time needed for labor to reproduce itself surplus value -- labor is magical -- produces more value than it needs to reproduce itself
52
exploitation
capitalist appropriates surplus value that labor produces because they own the means of production
53
surplus value
the difference between the value that labor produces and the value that labor needs to reproduce itself
54
capitalism alienates people from
production of their labor, each other, surplus value
55
Bordieus forms of capital (3)
economic (money) social (social networks) cultural (status -- institutionalized; education, intellect, resources available due to prestige)
56
Sex
genitalia youre born with
57
gender
learned behaviors and beliefs associated with masculinity and femininity
58
Hijra
India; physically male, dress like women, socialized into Hiza Family, marginalized, identify as other gender
59
Two Spirits/ Berdache
native american; 3rd gender; male bodied; had access to male and female activity (war); accepted as a gift
60
Kathoey
lady boy; male sex, act feminine; accepted in thai culture
61
Bugis
Indonesian; 5 genders | makkunrai. calabai, calalai, oroane, bissu = embodiment of both male and femal = shaman

ANT 121 (2 decks)

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