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Embryology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

principal energy source for ejaculated spermatozoa is…

A

fructose in seminal vesicle fluid

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2
Q

of the barriers of sperm survival and transport within the female reproductive tract, low pH is most important in…

A

vagina (to eliminate bacterial infections)

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3
Q

Most common condition associated with spontaneously aborted embryos

A

chromosomal abnormalities

more common in ectopic pregnancies

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4
Q

what tissue from implanting embryo directly interfaces with endometrial CT

A

syncytiotrophoblast (outermost layer at the time of implantation)

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5
Q

identical twinning is made possible by what process or property of early embryo?

A

regulation

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6
Q

zona pellucida

A

if present, unable to do implantation.

prevents premature implantation of cleaving of embryo

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7
Q

what signaling pathway is involved in lateral inhibition

A

delta notch

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8
Q

TGFB often utilizes which pathway

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

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9
Q

mutation of what receptor is the basis for basal carcinomas of the skin

A

patched

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10
Q

during oogenesis, there are two meiotic arrests. What are they

A

1st: diplotene stage of prophase
2nd: metaphase II

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11
Q

primordial germ cells originate from ____ and are first observed in _____ (same for both blanks)

A

yolk sac

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12
Q

what describes the oogonium in the ovary during the early fetal period

A

diploid oogonium with no follicle cells

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13
Q

pairing of homologous chromosomes begins during which of the following stages of prophase 1

A

zygotene (twin, together)

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14
Q

process by which a cell or part of an embryo becomes restricted to a given developmental pathway

A

determination

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15
Q

what is responsible for shutting down gap junctions

A

LH

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16
Q

capacitation occurs where

A

isthmus of the oviduct

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17
Q

during transport of egg through female tract following ovulation, the most likely site of fertilization is

A

the ampulla

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18
Q

which cell type is located outside the blood testes barrier

A

spermatogonium

not in meiotic site

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19
Q

what are the types of cells in the male that converts testosterone to estrogen

A

sertoli cells

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20
Q

rapid transport of the egg through the isthmus of oviduct requires what hormone

A

progesterone

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21
Q

which cells are responsible for the production of testosterone in the testes

A

leydig cells

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22
Q

proliferation phase of the uterine cycle is the results of secretion of which of the following hormones by granulosa cells

A

estradiol

endometrial thickness increases

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23
Q

what cells secrete progesterone in the ovulation cycle

A

thecal cells

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24
Q

what components of the grafiaan follicle form the corpus luteum

A

granulosa and thecal cells

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25
inhibin is released by what
granulosa cells during ovarian cycle
26
inhibin does what
inhibits secretion of gonadotropins, especially FSH
27
what happens after inhibin inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins (FSH)
regression of the corpus luteum
28
sharp spike in plasma levels of which hormone just before ovulation is responsible for ovulation
LH
29
based on the paralogous groups, which gene would be expressed most anteriorly in the embryo
Hoxb-1 **all are expressed in the 3-5' direction so the lowest number would be expressed)!**
30
what is the principal inductor in primary neural induction
notochordal process
31
what is used in neural induction at the primitive node (2)
Noggin, Chordin
32
cells of what germ layer are not present in the oropharyngeal membrane
mesoderm
33
brachyury (deficiency in caudal tissues in the body) is caused by a mutation in what gene
T (talus gene)
34
Hypoblast of the bilaminar early embryo gives rise to which tissue type
extraembryonic endoderm only
35
epiblast gives rise to which cell layers
all embryonic germ layers
36
The two signaling molecules that plays a role in formation of primitive streak ...
TGFB and Wnt
37
Receptor for delta in pathway
Notch
38
most transcription via embryonic genome is as early as which stage (mammalian)
4 cell stage
39
in drosopohila, which gene categories are mRNA that describe from the maternal genome rather than embryonic
egg polarity genes | establish axes - at basis of maternal genome
40
Transcription factors (3)
helix loop helix zinc finger pax
41
what are the genes for zinc finger transcription factor
Sox genes | WT1
42
transcription of which genes are required to permit cleave to proceed to 2 cell stage
4-oct
43
Nanog
maintains integrity of the inner cell mass along with Oct-4
44
what organizes the border between the dorsal and ventral thalamus
zona limitans (signaling center)
45
anterior neural ridge signaling center
secrete Shh and FGF8
46
Shh and FGF8 are important for ...
organizing telencephalon, parts of diencephalon, olfactory area, pituitary gland
47
in the late primitive streak stage, which signal molecule released from the primitive streak activates Hox genes
FGF
48
which pathway ensures the neural tube closure
planar cell polarity pathway
49
what is located at the junction of the future midbrain and hindbrain and expresses FGF8
Isthmic organizer
50
what is the effect of grafting a second dorsal lip to the blastocoel of an early amphibian (salamander) embryo
dorsal lip can induce formation of second embryo
51
what is the primary organize of dorsal lip --> secondary embryo
Notochord
52
in drosophila, deletion of adjacent segments are by what gene
gap genes
53
deletion of adjacent segments by what gene
pair rule genes
54
what genes affect the polarity of the segment
segment polarity genes
55
histone is replaced y what to allow better packing of condensed chromatin during spermatogenesis
protamine
56
mitotic divisions occur in
oogonium
57
meiosis in females vs males
females: embryonic life males: puberty
58
chromosomal abnormalities are
trisomy and polyploidy
59
hormones in these phases proliferative ovulation secretory
proliferative - estrogen ovulation - progesterone secretory - progesterone
60
sertoli cells
stimulated by FSH and testosterone
61
capacitation is to
increase the ability for sperm to fertalize the egg
62
fertalization occurs
in the ampulla but the upper third of the tube
63
ZP3
o-linked oligosacharide sperm receptor stimulates acrosomal reaction when polypeptide exposed
64
polyspermy
fertalization of an egg by more than 1 sperm | prevented by fast block on membrane (1) and zona reaction which inactivates sperm receptors on ZP (2)
65
woman with septuplets. why?
taken clomiphene for ovulation stimulation
66
embryonic proper is from
inner cell mass
67
excess parental influence (imprinting)
excess trophoblast
68
intergins in implantation...
allow cells from trophoblast to form syncytiotrophoblast
69
homeobox
180 nucleotide gene sequence. found in active genes | products - transcription factors
70
for retinoic acid, where are the receptors
a,b,g (in the nucleus)
71
sonic hedgehog produced in what signaling center
notochord, intestinal portals, floor plate of neural tube, zone of polarizing activity in the limb bud
72
prechordal plate plays important role in regionalization of the
forebrain
73
migration of mesodermal cells from primitive streak is fasciliated by the present of (2)
hyaluronic acid and fibronectin
74
mesodermal induction in an early embryo by (2)
Vgl and activin
75
cell adhesion molecules
are lost in migatory phase. when migatory cells settle down, they may reexpress them
76
primitive node
act as embryo organizer --> notochord --> formation of NS also the site of synthesis of morphogenetically active molecules such as retinoic acid if transplanted to another embryo, stimulates formation of another embryonic axis

Embryology (3 decks)

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