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Embryology > Exam 3 Embryo > Flashcards

Exam 3 Embryo Flashcards

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1
Q

if the limb disc of a salamander embryo is rotated 180 deg and transplanted to the opposite side of the embryo, so that the DV axis reversed but the AP axis is now normal, which of the following would be observed?

A

the resulting lib would be completely normal with no reversal of axes

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2
Q

if the limb disc of a salamander embryo is rotated 180 deg so that both the AP and the DV axes are reversed, which of the following would be observed

A

the AP axis of the resulting limb would be reversed but not the DV axis

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3
Q

most neural crest cells originating from the areas to somites 1-3 will follow the circumpharyngeal path and will make up which of the following divisions

A

cardiac neural crest

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4
Q

which of the following syndromes is characterized by reduced function of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, cardiovascular defects, and abnormalities of the aortic arches and is the result of a defect in the neural crest supplying the third and fourth pharyngeal arches

A

diGeorge syndrome

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5
Q

surface ectoderm is induced to become corneal epithelium by an inductive event originating in which of the following

A

lens vesicle

forms cornea

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6
Q

which of the following is caused by failure of the choroid fissure to close during the sixth week of pregnancy

A

colobomo

eye development

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7
Q

rathke’s pouch arises from which of the following

A

stomodeal ectoderm

rathkes pouch is the dorsal/cranial part of the oral cavity

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8
Q

cleft lip results from lack of fusion of which of the following

A

nasomedial and maxillary processes

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9
Q

expression of which of the following genes is necessary to prevent pharyngeal arch 2 from differentiating into pharyngeal arch 1

A

Hoxa-2

Hox genes deal with pharyngeal arches

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10
Q

muscles of facial expression are innervated by cranial nerve 7. this relationship would suggest that these muscles are derived from which of the following pharyngeal arches

A

second

if it was cranial nerve 5 –> first pharyngeal arch

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11
Q

which of the following develop from the THIRD pharyngeal pouch in response to high concentrations of Shh

A

inferior parathyroids

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12
Q

which of the following develop from the FOURTH pharyngeal pouch in response to high concentrations of Shh

A

superior parathyroids

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13
Q

which of the following remains temporarily connected to the floor of the pharynx by a narrow duct that later forms the foramen cecum on the tongue

A

thyroid

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14
Q

which of the following DO NOT form from the ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum)?

A

nephrons

^^they form from nephrogenic mestemia

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15
Q

potter’s facies is characteristic of an embryo exposed to which of the following

A

oligohydramnios

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16
Q

the ureteric epithelium, influenced by BMP4, forms which of the following proteins necessary to render the epithelium of the ureter impermeable to water

A

uroplakins

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17
Q

sprouty and gremlin are involved in the development of which of the following

A

kidneys

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18
Q

the presence of the SRY gene is directly associated with which of the following

A

switching of the indifferent gonad to testis

SRY gene is associated with male phenotype development

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19
Q

the scrotum and labia majora develop from which of the following primordia

A

genital swellings

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20
Q

labia minora develop from which of the following primordia

A

genital tubercle

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21
Q

in a genetic male, mesonephric tubules in the vicinity of the gonad will form which of the following

A

efferent ductules

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22
Q

the conversion of primordial germ cells into meiosis competent cells depends on which of the following factors

A

dazl

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23
Q

the foramen ovale is a right-left cardiac shunt and is structurally associated with which of the following cardiac structures

A

septum secundum

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24
Q

the internal carotids are derived from which of the following pairs of aortic arches

A

third

1st, 2nd, 5th arches –> degenerate

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25
the aorta is derived from which of the following pairs of aortic arches
fourth
26
the pulmonary artery is derived from which of the following pairs of aortic arches
sixth
27
which of the following best describes the function of the ductus venosus
it permits the incoming oxygenated placental blood to bypass the capillary networks of the liver
28
the ductus arteriosus shunt in the fetus becomes the ligamentum arteriosus in the adult. it is derived from the dorsal portion of which of the following structures
left sixth aortic arch
29
partitioning of the single ventricle into a left and a right chamber begins during which of the following developmental periods
fifth week
30
Which of the following is observed when the forelimb rudiment of a salamander embryo is removed so that the limb fails to develop
the nerves of the brachial plexus remain smaller (thinner) than they would have been if the limb were still there
31
Which of the following occurs when an additional limb bud is transplanted into the immediate vicinity of the host forelimb of a salamander embryo?
the brachial nerves will develop branches running out to the additional limb and will supply it
32
Which of the following factors functions as the initial initiator of future forelimb development?
Tbx5
33
Which of the following factors functions as the initial initiator of future hindlimb development?
Tbx4
34
Which of the following represents the principal function of the AER? (apical ectodermal ridge)
stimulating outgrowth of the limb bud
35
During limb development in the chick wing bud, Riddle discovered that retinoic acid is not the morphogen expressed during the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis, but that it more likely activates a gene that expresses the morphogen. Which of the following is the morphogen?
Shh
36
Trunk neural crest cells utilize three migratory pathways. The earliest (first) emigrating cells follow which of the following pathways?
ventral path
37
Which of the following factors is referred to as the “master gene of eye development” in Drosophila and in human eye development is necessary to induce the formation of the lens placode?
pax 6
38
In the development of the retina, the nasotemporal (anterior-posterior) axis is fixed first (before the dorsoventral axis). This axis is established, in part, by gradients composed of which of the following?
ephrins
39
Except for the pharyngeal muscles, pharyngeal arch mesoderm ( tendons, etc.) are derived from which of the following?
neural crest
40
Except for the first pharyngeal pouch, patterning of pharyngeal arch endoderm is heavily based on exposure to which of the following factors?
retinoic acid
41
During tooth development, an inverted cup-shaped structure appears during the cap stage. This structure is made up of ameloblasts which, during the bell stage of tooth development, will begin to produce which of the following?
enamel
42
The hyoid arch is associated with which cranial nerve?
facial (7) hyoid arch is 2nd
43
At which stage of lung development do the alveoli begin to form?
Terminal sac stage (26 weeks to birth)
44
A 65-month-old infant exhibits multiple congenital defects, including a cleft palate, deafness, ocular hypertelorism, and a white forelock but otherwise dark hair on his head. Which of the following represents the probable diagnosis?
Waardenburg’s syndrome
45
In the genetic male, Sertoli cells develop from which of the following?
sex cords
46
The superior mesenteric and hepatic portal veins develop from which of the following embryonic vessels?
right vitelline
47
The large, ventral portion of the respiratory diaphragm is derived from which of the following primordia?
septum transversum
48
The tracheal primordium extends from the ventral floor of the foregut and will later have to be separated from the foregut lumen (future esophagus) by a septum. The separation is accomplished by a pair of lateral ridges that fuse toward the midline from posterior to anterior. Which of the following factors is responsible for initiating the formation of this septum?
Wnt
49
The initial site for the development of the respiratory system is from the floor of the pharynx (ventral foregut). Which of the following factors marks this site (as well as the site for the thyroid diverticulum)?
Nkx2.1
50
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the characteristics of the three stages of kidney development in human embryos?
The mesonephros is the functional kidney in the human embryo and the pronephric duct is necessary to form the mesonephric duct.
51
Which of the following factors determine the craniocaudal limits of the early urinary system?
hox 4-11 genes hox genes = segmentation
52
Severe clubbing of the fingers is associated with which of the following defects?
tetralogy of fallot
53
During cardiac development, the distal region of the bulbus cordis (outflow tract) is derived from which of the following?
neural crest
54
Hemangioblasts originate from the posterolateral mesoderm during gastrulation and organize into blood islands in the yolk around day 18. They become divided into two lineages. Which of the following factors is responsible for establishing the endothelial lineage?
Hox 3
55
Hepatoblasts are bipotential and can differentiate into hepatocytes or cholangiocytes (bile duct cells). Which of the following factors is necessary to direct the hepatoblasts to form cholangiocytes?
Sox9
56
The initial separation of the early single atrium begins with the down growth of a partition from the cranial end of the single atrium. The space between the leading edge of this growing partition and the endocardial cushion is referred to by which of the following?
Interatrial septum primum
57
A small persistence of the vitelline (yolk) duct forming a blind pocket off the ileum is referred to by which of the following terms?
Meckel's diverticulum
58
Cardiac mesoderm releases FGF which induces the formation of the liver primordium from gut endoderm. Which other factor from the septum transversum is also needed for this inductive process?
BMP4
59
Shaping of the snout involves the establishment of a gradient between which of the following pairs of signals?
FGF8 and Shh
60
The proximal region of the outflow tract of the developing heart is derived from which of the following sources?
secondary heart field
61
Most neural crest cells originating from the areas of somites 1-3 will follow the circumpharyngeal path and will make up which of the following divisions?
cardiac neural crest
62
Which of the following adult heart components is derived from the secondary embryonic heart field?
right ventricle
63
Absence of hand-2 results in the absence of which of the following cardiac structures?
right ventricle
64
Which of the following is involved in the migration of neural crest cells from the neural tube?
snail
65
The auditory tube is a derivative of which of the following pharyngeal pouches?
first
66
Metanephrogenic blastemata are induced to condense from the surrounding mesenchyme by which of the following?
ureteric diverticulum
67
The initial formation of the cardiac tube is guided by which of the following?
tbx2
68
Numerous experiments have shown that retinoic acid is capable of inducing the formation of the posterior limb in vertebrates. Retinoic acid is not the actual morphogen but is capable of activating which of the following genes, which is thought to express the actual morphogen?
sonic hedgehog gene
69
Pattern formation along the proximodistal axis of the limb bud is primarily determined by which of the following?
hoxd gene
70
Which of the following are NOT derived from neural crest cells?
motor neuron cell bodies
71
Neural crest cells arise from which of the following?
neural plate
72
Which of the following conclusions concerning the choroid fissure is correct?
The hyaloid artery uses the choroid fissure to reach the | posterior chamber of the eye.
73
Which of the following develops from the cartilaginous portion of the second pharyngeal arch?
stapes
74
Cranial nerve V innervates structures derived from which of the following pharyngeal arches?
pharyngeal arch 1

Embryology (3 decks)

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