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Psychology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psych. is the study of

A

mind, brain and beh

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2
Q

mind v brain

A

mind- thoughts, not concrete brain-physical

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3
Q

dualism

A

Descartes
science is only study of body
non-animals do not have a mind
widely accepted by all

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4
Q

empiricists

A

locke
berkley
hume
supp. dualism but had no research

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5
Q

british associationists

A 
hartley, mill and stuart mill
believed that science = mind
dev. hypoth. 
   memory. learning and percep.
no research
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6
Q

psychophysics

A

weber and fechner 1887
first to practice psych.
but not invented yet
did empir. research

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7
Q

independant variable (IV)

A

thing getting controlled or manipulated

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8
Q

dependant variable (DV)

A

thing reacting to change in IV

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9
Q

fact

A

objective statement

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10
Q

theory

A

not a law!
idea or model designed to explain existing facts or make predictions
(an explanatory hypothesis)

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11
Q

hypothesis-

A

prediction based on a theory

not working to prove but gain more or less confidence

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12
Q

generalizing hypo.

A

applying one instance to many

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13
Q

explanatory hypo.

A

cause and affect

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14
Q

confounding variable

A

one that ruins experiment
not accounted for or controlled
ex. amount of time studying

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15
Q

extraneous variable

A

factor that varies and is not a IV or DV
does not ruin experiment
ex. ethnicity of people

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16
Q

descriptive study

A

describ. w/out looking at relationship btw vari.

Ex. beds avaliable in MT for mental health

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17
Q

correlation v causation

A

not equal

ex. corn and abuse

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18
Q

correlational study

A

can help make predictions
no manipulation, just observes 2 vari.
Ex. lung cancer and cigar.

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19
Q

observational methods

A

tests
con- can be imposs. bc of practical and ethical reasons
ex. ppl don’t want to be caught smoking meth
naturalistic observation
ex. how ppl stop at stop signs

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20
Q

self-report methods

A

con- people can lie

done w/ interview or questionaire

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21
Q

lab study

A

pro- can control extraneous var.

con- ppl behave unnaturally

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22
Q

field study

A

pro- ppl act naturally

con- variables cannot be controlled

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23
Q

standard deviation

A

small SD- tight group
ex. jockeys
large SD- spread out
ex. high school students

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24
Q

correlational coefficient

A

-1.00 to 1.00
- and + indicates direction
distance from zero = strength

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25
+ correlation
as one var. inc. so does the other
26
- correlation
as one var. inc. the other dec.
27
correlation not equal causation
ex. chocolate and nobel prizes
28
infernetial stats
reviews sample and population affect equivalence | will sample accura. represent pop?
29
statist. signif.
confident that sample = pop. "less than 5% data would come out same if hypoth. is wrong" *not same though!!!
30
statist. signif. value
less than or equal to 0.05 | if greater than or equal to... not stat. sig.
31
spurious
predic. and outcome var. explained by common-causal var. ex. viewing tv = spurious w/out no relationship btw parenting style and agression
32
statist. signficant factors
``` difference btw means #ppl tested (size of sample) mre ppl studied= mre significant variability ```
33
error
impossible to avoid not big deal random variab. in data
34
bias
``` non-random var. ruins research can be avoided ex. pbr and coke cannot tell if it's ppl own personality or actual test ```
35
error v bias target example
average of all points on error = truth average all points on bias = false truth bc "bullseye" is altered location *two can combine
36
nervous system function
``` recieves sensory messages ex. poke of pen organizes information ex. coordinate reaction and reflex sends messages to rest of body to adapt ex. moves hand back ```
37
3 types neurons
``` sensory (stimuli/ poke) interneurons (CNS) motorneurons (hand) ```
38
reliable
if same result happens multiple times | ex. color and IQ
39
valid
if results predict what supposed to predict ex. color and IQ NOT valid if it is valid it is reliable validity = reliability
40
observer expectancy results
ex. therapist and autism observer sees/ hears what they want to see/hear ruins experiment avoided by using blind observer
41
solution eliminate expec. results
double blind study blind observer blind subject
42
subject expectancy results
ex. placebo affect person acts according to what they believe should happen ex. sugar pill v pain pill
43
ethics
right to privacy don't harm animals unless have to humans need informed consent briefing and risks explained
44
deception
is allowed by researchers used to avoid subject expectan. results have to tell subject truth/ explanation at end of experiment ex. sentence grammar and reaction time
45
dendrites
branch like off soma (cell body) | receive chemical signals
46
axon
relay electrical signals | long branch off body
47
axon terminal
"end bulbs" send chemical messages neurotransmitter
48
sympathetic
``` excitatory "fight or flight" inc. blood pressure + heart rate during intense act. dig. system slows down ```
49
parasympathetic
helps conserve energy | inhibitory
50
peripheral nervous system
skeletal and autonomic
51
CNS
brain and spinal cord
52
PSNS
rest neurons off CNS that extend into body
53
evolution of stress
sympath. always activated | causes mental and physical harm from overstim.
54
motor and sensor. of cortex control
movements + speaking
55
associ. areas of cortex control
perception, thought/ decision making
56
thalamus fun.
filters sensory info | relays to o/ prts brain
57
cerebellum fun.
voluntary movement
58
limbic system fun.
emotion and memory
59
amygdala fun.
regulating perceptions and reactions to fear
60
hypothalamus fun.
body temp | hunger, thirst and sex
61
hippocampus fun.
long term mem.
62
pons fun.
balance and walking
63
medulla fun.
heart rate and breathing
64
reticular formation fun.
eating and sleeping | filters stimuli frm spinal cord
65
basal ganglia fun.
motor control and function
66
contralateral signals and movements
L controls R | R controls L
67
primary motor cortex
process information from senses
68
somatosensory cortex
signals received from muscles for mvmnt
69
fine motor neurons
allotted more area in physical cortex
70
left cortex
language
71
right cortex
visual-spatial
72
both visual fields controlled by
right and left hemispheres
73
synapse
gap btw pre/post neurons | communicated via neurochem.
74
sending neuron charac.
presyn mem axon terminal neurotrans
75
receiving neuron charac.
postsynapt. mem dendrite (musc. cell) receptors/ binding sites
76
neuron mem.
semi-permeable high K conc. inside high Na conc. outside
77
excitatory action pot
partial depolar (more +) Na floods cell activates action pot.
78
inhibitory action pot
``` K+ exits cell or Cl- floods in makes more - repolarize discourages action pot. ```
79
inhib v excitatory factors
frequency of stimuli | distance from axon hillock
80
partial depolar
occurs in dendrites and soma | chemically stimulated
81
axon stimuli
electrical
82
depolarization
-50 | Na in
83
repolarization
-30 K+ out or Cl- in
84
Na, K pump
``` restores homeostasis normal Na out K in repo. K out Na in depol k out Na in ```

Psychology 101 (7 decks)

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