Exam 2 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
sensation
A
experience ass. w/ sound and light
initial reaction
sense organs take in stim.
2
Q
perception
A
organization of stim
interpreted for reaction
consciously aware
3
Q
physical stim
A
poke or sting that contacts sense organs
4
Q
physiol. response
A
ele. act. in sense organs
5
Q
sensory experi.
A
subjective sensation of light, sound, touch etc
6
Q
receptor cell
A
responds phys. stim
produ ele. charges for action potential
7
Q
transduction
A
recp. cell responds to stim
8
Q
sensory neuron (CNS)
A
relay signals frm cell to brain
9
Q
receptor pot.
A
ele. charge from transduction
partial depolar.
fun- activ. neuron + cause act. pot.
10
Q
qualitative stim
A
type or kind
determined by which neurons firing
ex. salad v coke
11
Q
quantitative stim
A
amount or strength
determined by rate of firing
act pot/sec
12
Q
sensory adaptation?
A
not true
we adjust to situation and perception inc as sensativity dec
ex. music in car in morning v night
going outside after being in all day
13
Q
oflaction
A
sense smell
neurons can vary in type and strength (based off #/second)
14
Q
identify given smell
A
ratio of receptor activation
15
Q
flavor
A
comes from connection btw pharynx and nasal cavity
16
Q
pheromone
A
chem signals info to others
can be detected
are produced
17
Q
vomeronasal organ
A
detect pheromones
18
Q
taste categories
A
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)
19
Q
taste buds
A
no distinct area on tongue
40-150 receptor cells
20
Q
pain receptors
A
sens. neuron
21
Q
a-delta pain fiber
A
myelin, fast,
localized
affected press. and temp extremes
22
Q
c pain fiber
A
unmyelin, slow
widespread
affected by chem. change
23
Q
gate control theory of pain
A
gate at lower brain stem + spinal cord only feel pain passes thru controlled by PAG periqueductal grey area can be excitatory or inhibitory
24
Q
affect PAG
A
ele. stim
opiates
ex. heroin
endorphines
produ. by body
neurotrans/hormon
some chem can be b/
25
analgesia
absense of sense of pain
| controlled by endorp.
26
stress induced analgesia
delays pain response
pain not felt till after stressful sit.
ex. sports
27
belief-induced analgesia
ex. placebo effect or runners high
28
aspects of sound
amplitude- perceived loudness
| frequency- perceived pitch
29
amplitude
height of wave= physical
| loudness= psych concept
30
frequency values
most hear 20Hz
| optimal 12-24Hz
31
path of hearing through ear
```
sound waves make timpan. mem vibrate
ear drum makes bones vibrate
stirrup makes oval window vibrate
oval w makes cochlea vibrate
cochlear fluid mvmnt triggers hairs
hairs make ele. signal that goes to brain
```
32
conduction deafness
most common
| where bones don't vibrate w much intensity
33
sensorineural deafness
problem btw stirrup and cochlea comm.
34
percieved loudness
mre hairs move = louder
35
pitch and distance
farther dis= lower pitch (bass)
| shorter dis= higher pitch
36
pitch and frequency
lower pitch- slow vibra closer to apex of coch
| higher pitch- fast vibra closer to base of coch
37
light
| color percieved
400-700 nanom
38
type of rad in ligh
electromag
39
cornea
clear tissue helps focus light
40
iris
changes pupil size
41
pupil
hole in iris
42
lens
behind pupil
focuses light
deteriorates/ stiffens w/ age
43
retina
mem at back eye
contains recep cells (cones and rods)
transducts
44
cone and rod activation
after light hits back of eye and is reflected
45
light reflection
```
good= see at night (cat)
bad= see during day (human)
```
46
rods
```
black and white
dim light
all over retina
low acuity (clearness)
high sensitivity
rhodopsin
```
47
cones
```
color
bright light
most in fovea
outer peripheral color memorized by light
high acuity (clearness)
low sen.
3 different photopigments
```
48
receptor potential
leads to act. pot.
| photochem cause elec. change acrost mem when hit by light
49
subtractive color mixing
diff. wavelengths= diff. percieved light
50
additive color mixture
mix lights
| mix all lights= white light
51
3 primaries law
3 wavelengths can make all colors
52
law of complementarity
2 specific wavel mixed can make white light
53
trichromatic theory
cells in retina 3 pigments absorb diff. wavel
54
wave len. values
short- 425
medium- 525
long- 560
55
subtractive color
color pigments mixing
56
additive color
wavelength mixing
57
colorblind
assign two diff wavelen. same percieved color
most common wavelengths gone= long and medium
fewer than 3 cones
more common in men
58
opponent process theory
blue-yellow
red-green
only need two types of cells vs 3
59
law of complimentarity
2 colors in additive color mixing (wavel) = white light
60
complimentarity of afterimage
agrees w/ opponent theory and NOT tricolor
61
incentive
goal motivated to obtain
or
reinforcer, reward and goal
62
strong drive =
object becoming more desirable
| ex. deprived of food for extended amnt time
63
strong incentive=
strong drive
64
homeostasis
balanced internal body functions
| ex. temp, blood glucose
65
regulatory drive
preserve homeo.
need to survive
ex o2
66
non-reg. drive
not need to live
| ex. gambling or netflix binging
67
central state theory of drives
separate central drive systm for e/ drive
| diff drive = diff. neural act.
68
drive reduction theory
primary and secondary drive
69
primary drive
don't require learning
| ex. hunger
70
secondary drive
have to be learned
| ex. money
71
drive v incentive difference
```
drive= internal
incentive= external
```
72
hunger study
lesion of brain bilaterally
stimulate brain
chem and ele.
knockout animals (missing specific genes)
73
lateral area of brain hypoth
lose appetite if gone
| if stim area will eat more
74
removing lateral area NOT equal hunger
affects goal orienting functioning and not specifically hunger
75
ventromedial prt hypothal
```
satisfactory center
if working
stops hunger drive
if damaged
causes excessive hunger
```
76
hunger affects
```
signals from stomach to brain
sign. how much energy in blood
amount stored in fat
appetizing effect
(looks good)
environment and cultural
habits and friends
```
77
DNA and hunger not reliable
changes in weight happen faster than genetic change in pop.
ppl have dissimilar dna but same environment/ behavior patterns
overestim.- role genetics
underestim- role environ/ beh.
78
arousal
physiological reactions
| ex. fight or flight
79
emotion
psychological experience
| ex. can't tell through blood test
80
emotion and arousal relationship
emotion leads to arousal
81
common sense theory
stim leads to emotion
emotion leads to arousal
ex. when see someone hot
82
James-Lange theory
proposed 1887
perception then bodily arousal then emotion
body response triggers fear
83
cannon-bard theory
emotion and bodily arousal happen at same time after perception
84
schachter-singer theory
the type of emotion determ by perception
intensity of emotion determ by bodily arousal
emotion can feed back into perception
ex. think something is bigger bc was scarier
85
circadian rhythm
24 hr cycle
controlled by nervous system
ex. body temp and appetitie
86
EEG
electroencephalogram
| gross record avg electrical act in brain
87
alpha wave
awake and relaxed
| short but frequent
88
beta wave
awake and alert
inc. REM
high and less freq
89
theta wave
appears in stage 1
| not as frequen as alpha
90
delta wave
stage 2-4
| deep sleep
91
stage 1
transition stage
| alpha wave
92
2-4 stages
slow wave sleep
musc. tension, heart rate + breathing dec
person harder to wake
93
sleep thoughts
not dreams
during 2-4
occur when awakening in 2-4
94
REM sleep
```
beta waves
brain- active, body-relaxed
breathing + hr inc
rapid eye mvmnt
dreams
```
95
sleep cycle
1-4, 3,2, REM, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2 etc
morning- REM
night- Slow waves
96
restoration theory
more activity = more sleep (slow wave)
ex. marathon runner
doesn't correlate w/ cat and cow ex
97
preservation and protection theory
evolve to sleep when food needs met
food is not avaliable
environment is safe
when won't be eaten
98
insomnia
can't sleep
most common disorder
when get enough sleep but still don't feel good
99
REM (dreaming)
inc. illusion of vivid visual/ aud sensations
longer time spent in REM = mre detailed dream
nondreamers have dreams when woken up in REM
100
REM factors
more often in children
unstim. neurons can degenerate
can occur in non-humans
101
stim neuron dream theory
motor twitches and hallucinations side effects
102
new memories dream theory
dreams help strenghten
| ex. after studying
103
cornea mvmnt dream theory
cornea needs move to get oxygen
rapid eye mvmnt needed maintain healthy vision
dreams are side effect
104
Nisbett and Wilson- accent ex
1977
ppl's body language lead to reaction accent
ex. cold= accent irritating
warm= accent intriguing
105
Valins/ Ray 1967
| Zimbardo, Cohen, Weisenberg, Dworkin and Firestone 1969
thought process lead to opinion change
| opinion change= beh. change
106
Nisbett and Wilson- Tide ex
asked memorize words
then do association task
Ex. memorize words ocean and waves
more likely to name Tide as laundry detergent
107
Nisbett and Wilson- Stocking ex
all thought rightmost stocking was best
eventhough all were same
reason= last one touched, and still fresh in mem.
108
Nisbett and Wilson 1977- reading ex.
subjects guessed they would choose longest passage = greater emotional impact
*ppl actually didn't report this reason at all in conclusion
109
decison making according to Nes + Wil
ppl don't have access to cognitive process
brain can't percieve own self/ thought process
ppl cannot read own minds
so make inferences (guesses) that seem reasonable
110
Johansson, Hall, Sikstrom and Olsson 2005- attractive ex w/ pics
people could explain why picked M just as well as why picked NM, eventhough they didn't even pick M at all!
if ppl had access to own cog processes
would be unable say why M is more attractive then NM
111
Nisbett+ wilson interview ex 1976
nothing ppl predicted (experience, education, prev. job) impacted their decision
more worried about spilled coffee
112
North, Hargreaves mcKendrick 1999- wine ex
wine sale german v french
| ppl claimed music didn't effect purchase
113
Uhlmann and Cohen 2005- police cheif ex
```
independant var
gender applicant
skill set
admin v street
result- more ppl liked the man reguardless of what skill
```
114
physician and extra money ex
claim that money doesn't effect decision in patient health
115
Marijuana types
cannabis ruderalis
cannabis sativa
cannabis indica
116
phytocannabinoids
```
bio active substances
THC
cannabidoil
cannabinol
n-alklamide
b-caryophyllene
```
117
herbal marijuana
contains synthetic cannabinoid
118
differences in oral and inhalation of marijuana
oral- passes through liver
not get high as fast bc half is metabolized
inhalation- easier dosage control
lungs, circ. and brain
119
cannabinoid recp
found in brain and body
120
exogenous cannabinoids v endogenous cannabindoids
exo- ex thc
| endo- neurotransm
121
activation of cannabinoid recep
```
inc dopamine
(addiction center)
```
122
THC absorption
fat
| released overtime
123
biological risk w/ marijuana
inc appetite
impaired motor control
reduces pain
124
mental affects w/ marijuana
heavy- mild memory, learning and attention impairment
normal- no impairment
light headed, dizzy, relaxation, altered perception of time
higher does = anxiety
not huge/ practical but do have stat. sig.
125
marijuana and sleep
schierenbeck 2008
dec REM inc. stage 4
makes sleepy
strange dreams
126
amotivational syndrome
not relevant anymore
| evidence in 60s originally
127
heavy and light users
diff. in psychomotor speed after 28 days
| could affect adolescents more than adults in long term
