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Flashcards in exam 1 basics Deck (34)
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1
Q

what is NAD/NADH a derivative of? What does it do?

A

niacin (B3); it accepts and donates electrons

2
Q

what is FAD/FADH a derivative of? what does it do?

A

riboflavin (B2); accepts and donates electrons

3
Q

what is CoA a derivative of?

A

pantothenic acid (B5)

4
Q

what does CoA do?

A
  • holds and transfers acetyl and acyl groups

- makes a thioester bond

5
Q

what does A stand for in CoA?

A

acetylation- universal carrier of acyl groups

6
Q

what are enzymes?

A

proteins that lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed

7
Q

most enzymes are inducible which means?

A

we can make more if we need them

8
Q

when you add a phosphate to something you need?

A

kinase

9
Q

when you remove a phosphate from something you need?

A

phosphatase

10
Q

what is isomerization and what enzyme do you need?

A

rearranging of atoms and you need isomerase

11
Q

what is mutation and what enzyme do you need?

A

shifting a group on a molecule and you need a mutase

12
Q

what is synthesis and what enzyme do you need?

A

building something and you need synthase or synthatase

13
Q

what is redox and what enzyme is needed?

A

oxidizing or reducing something and dehydrogenase is needed

14
Q

what is oxidation?

A

addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or removal of electrons from an element or compound

15
Q

what is reduction?

A

deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen or addition of electrons from an element or compound NEGATIVE charge= reduced

16
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breakdown metabolism- larger molecules into smaller molecules; release energy, make ATP

17
Q

is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic-release ATP

18
Q

what is anabolism?

A

building- smaller molecules built into larger molecules; require energy, uses ATP

19
Q

is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic- usually provided by hydrolysis of ATP

20
Q

catabolic is usually oxidation or reduction?

A

oxidation- needs oxidized coenzymes; NAD+

21
Q

anabolic is usually oxidation or reduction?

A

reduction- need reducing power

22
Q

what are different pathway regulations?

A
  1. pathways can be REGULATED using different enzymes
  2. paired pathways may occur in different areas of the cells
  3. availability/ concentration of substrate vs. need/ concentration of product
  4. metabolic state- hormone signaling, energy requirements
23
Q

in pathway regulation, excess reactant does what to the pathway?

A

stimulates

24
Q

in pathway regulation, scarce reactant does what to the pathway?

A

inhibits

25
Q

in pathway regulation, excess product does what to the pathway?

A

inhibits

26
Q

in pathway regulation, scarce product does what to the pathway?

A

stimulates

27
Q

fatty acid catabolism (breakdown) occurs where?

A

mitochondria

28
Q

fatty acid anabolism (synthesis) occurs where?

A

cytosol

29
Q

hormone reaction happens where?

A

outside the cell

30
Q

what are small molecules made in one tissue and released into the blood stream?

A

hormones- they are carried to other tissues where they bind to receptors and can alter cellular activities

31
Q

when is insulin secreted?

A

in response to high blood glucose and lowers blood glucose to baseline levels

32
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

increases blood glucose levels, causes liver to release glucose from storage and causes liver to make glucose

33
Q

what can epinephrine/norepinephrine act as?

A

a neurotransmitter and a hormone

34
Q

epi/norepinephrine as a hormone does what?

A

regulates energy metabolism in liver and muscle