Exam 1: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Condensation Chemical Reaction

Answer 1

Covalent Bond is Formed

One Molecule of water is released

Question 2

Hydrolysis

Chemical Reaction

Answer 2

Disaccaride splits into two monosaccharides

Requires a molecule of water

Question 3

Monosaccharides

Answer 3

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 4

Disaccharides

Answer 4

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

Question 5

Sucrose

Answer 5

Glucose+Fructose (white or table sugar)

Refined from juice of sugar beets or sugar cane
Occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables

Question 6

Maltose

Answer 6

Glucose+ Glucose (Malt sugar)

Produced during breakdown of starch

Question 7

Lactose

Answer 7

Glucose+ Galactose

Principle carbohydrate in milk

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

Most cells rely on glucose for fuel

Brain& nervous system rely on it almost exclusively

Question 9

Fructose

Answer 9

Sweetest of sugars

Naturally occurring in fruits, honey and saps

Along with glucose, the most common monosaccharide in nature

Question 10

Galactose

Answer 10

Primarily occurs as part of lactose

known as “milk sugar”

Freed from lactose as single sugar during digestion

Question 11

Monosaccharides- Pentoses

Answer 11

• Furnish little dietary energy

- Ribose/deoxyribose> RNA/DNA

Question 12

Sugar Alcohols

Answer 12

Derived from monosaccharides

Question 13

High Fructose Corn Syrup

Answer 13

Monosaccharide Mixture

Usually 55% Fructose & 45% glucose

Question 14

Oligosaccharides

Answer 14

Made of 3-10 sugar molecules

Found in beans, peas, bran, whole grains

Not hydrolyzed in human digestive system

Gut bacteria can digest them

Examples:
Raffinose (tri)
Stachyoses (tetra)
Verbascose (penta)

Question 15

Polysaccharides

Answer 15

composed almost entirely of glucose (in some cases, also other monosaccharides)

Examples of Major ones in nutrition:
Starch
Glycogen
Fiber

Question 16

Polysaccharides: Starch

Answer 16

Storage form of glucose in plants

Giant chains of hundreds of glucose units- can be broken by human digestive system

All starchy foods are plants:
Grains-richest source of starch
Legumes
Root Vegetables

Question 17

Resistant Starch

Answer 17

Starch that cannot be digested or absorbed by humans

Often considered a form of FIBER because they move through upper GI tract undigested then metabolized by bacteria in colon

Types:
Naturally occurring
Processed

Question 18

Polysaccharides: Glycogen

Answer 18

Storage form of energy for humans and animals

Not found in plant sources

Composed of highly branched chains of glucose units

Stored in liver & Muscles

• In liver 90g
• In muscles 150g

Question 19

Polysaccharides: Fibers

Answer 19

Provide structure in stems, trunks, roots, leaves & skins of plants

Provide little or no energy for body (cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes)

Question 20

Dietary Fiber

Answer 20

Non digestible CHO’s & lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants

Question 21

Functional Fiber

Answer 21

Non digestible CHO’s that are isolated, extracted or manufactured & known to have physiological benefits

Question 22

Total fiber

Answer 22

Dietary Fiber + Functional Fiber

Question 23

What are the types of fiber?

Answer 23

Soluble

Insoluble

Question 24

Soluble Fibers

Answer 24

Dissolve in water

Form gels which are easily digested by bacteria in large intestine

Associated with lower risks of chronic diseases

Question 25

Insoluble Fibers

Answer 25

Do not dissolve in water retain structure and texture aid digestive system by easing elimination

Question 26

Fibers in Foods

Answer 26

``` Cellulose Hemicelluloses Pectins Gums& Mucilages Lignins Beta-Glucans Chitin&Chitosan ```

Question 27

What are carbohydrates' role in wellness?

Answer 27

Source of energy, sweetened and dietary fiber

Question 28

Where does the digestion of CHO start?

Answer 28

the mouth

Question 29

What do CHO's break down into in the SMALL INTESTINE

Answer 29

Monosaccharides: | Enzymes specific for the CHO (example: lactase for lactose)

Question 30

What are disorders associated with digestion and absorption of CHO's

Answer 30

Lactose Intolerance | Oligosaccarides

Question 31

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 31

Most common disaccharides disorder: Deficiency of lactase Symptoms: Abdominal Cramping, flatulence, diarrhea Low dairy intake increases risk for deficiencies of calcium, riboflavin and vitamin D

Question 32

Lactose Intolerance Nutrition Therapy

Answer 32

- Determine individual tolerance | - Gradually add small amounts of lactose-containing foods to lactose-free diets

Question 33

Oligosaccharide Digestion

Answer 33

Humans lack the enzyme | Nutrition Therapy: Food Enzyme Dietary Supplement such as "Beano"

Question 34

Absorption Across Intestinal Mucosa: Monosaccharides

Answer 34

Glucose & Galactose: Active transport | Fructose: Facilitated Diffusion

Question 35

Carbs in liver

Answer 35

glucose may be used immediately or stored Liver conversion of fructose and galactose to glucose

Question 36

Metabolism

Answer 36

Metabolism primarily maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis at 70 to 100 mg/dL