Exam 1: Cells and Neurons

Question 1

List three major components of a typical cell.

Answer 1

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Plasma membrane

Question 2

List the five main components of a cell’s protoplasm.

Answer 2

1. Water
2. Electrolytes
3. Proteins
4. Lipids
5. Carbohydrates

Question 3

____ makes up 70-85% of a cell’s content and supports reactions and solubility.

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

____ are ions essential for reactions and producing electrical impulses.

Answer 4

Electrolytes

Question 5

____ constitute 10-20% of cell mass and include enzymes.

Answer 5

Proteins

Question 6

____ form membranes and store energy.

Answer 6

Lipids

Question 7

____ are stored as glycogen and store energy.

Answer 7

Carbohydrates

Question 8

A plasma membrane is a….

Answer 8

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 9

The plasma membrane is ____ to ions and polar molecules.

Answer 9

Impermeable

Question 10

The plasma membrane is ____ to hydrophobic molecules.

Answer 10

Permeable

Question 11

List four phospholipids found in the plasma membane.

Answer 11

1. Phosphotidylcholine
2. Phosphotidylethanolamine
3. Phosphotidylserine
4. Sphingomyelin

Question 12

____ is a component of the plasma membrane that helps maintain fluidity.

Answer 12

Cholesterol

Question 13

Less than half of the composition of the plasma membrane is…

Answer 13

Lipids

Question 14

The ____ is a network of tubes and vesicles that links the Golgi Apparatus and the nucleus.

Answer 14

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

The ____ makes proteins and forms Nissl bodies.

Answer 15

Rough ER

Question 16

The ____ makes lipids and regulates calcium concentration.

Answer 16

Smooth ER

Question 17

The ____ is made of stacked, flat vesicles called cisternae and is prominent in cells that secrete substances.

Answer 17

Golgi Apparatus

Question 18

The ____ of the Golgi Apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the ER.

Answer 18

Cis face

Question 19

The ____ of the Golgi Apparatus packages proteins and lipids into vesicles and direct them to their final destinations.

Answer 19

Trans face

Question 20

List three major functions of the Golgi Apparatus.

Answer 20

1. Modifies proteins and lipids
2. Sorts and packages proteins and lipids for delivery
3. Ensures correct processing and delivery within and outside the cell

Question 21

Lysosomes originate in the…

Answer 21

Golgi Apparatus

Question 22

____ are responsible for digesting damaged cellular components, food particles, and bacteria.

Answer 22

Lysosomes

Question 23

True or false:

Lysosomes have a lipid bilayer membrane.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Lysosomes contain ____ to break down macromolecules.

Answer 24

Hydrolytic enzymes

Question 25

____ can be self-replicating or bud off the smooth ER.

Answer 25

Peroxisomes

Question 26

Peroxisomes contain ____ which catalyze redox reactions.

Answer 26

Oxidase enzymes

Question 27

____ form hydrogen peroxide to oxidize harmful molecules.

Answer 27

Peroxisomes

Question 28

____ are essential for ATP production.

Answer 28

Mitochrondria

Question 29

Mitochondria have ____ lipid bilayer membrane(s).

Answer 29

Two

Question 30

The outer mitochondrial membrane...

Answer 30

Protects the organelle

Question 31

The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae for...

Answer 31

Biochemical reactions

Question 32

The ____ is the innermost space of a mitochondria.

Answer 32

Matrix

Question 33

The mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes for...

Answer 33

Energy extraction

Question 34

List three features that make mitochondria unique among organelles.

Answer 34

1. Can self-replicate 2. Contain their own DNA (mtDNA) 3. Independent growth and division

Question 35

The ____ describes how mitochondria are believed to have originated from free-living bacteria.

Answer 35

Endosymbiosis theory

Question 36

List two important roles mitochondria play in neurons.

Answer 36

1. Satisfy the high energy demand for membrane potentials and synaptic activity 2. Crucial for neuronal health

Question 37

Defects in ____ are linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Answer 37

Mitochondria

Question 38

The ____ is composed of protein filaments and tubules, and provides structural support.

Answer 38

Cytoskeleton

Question 39

List three major components of the cytoskeleton.

Answer 39

1. Microtubules 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Filamentous actin

Question 40

____ are made of polymerized tubulin and help maintain cell shape.

Answer 40

Microtubules

Question 41

____ provide support and mechanical transport within the cell.

Answer 41

Microtubules

Question 42

During cell division, the mitotic spindle is formed by...

Answer 42

Microtubules

Question 43

____ provide strength and stability for the cell.

Answer 43

Intermediate filaments

Question 44

____ help maintain the neuron's structure.

Answer 44

Neurofilaments

Question 45

____ are composed of light, medium, and heavy proteins.

Answer 45

Intermediate filaments

Question 46

____ is made of polymerized action and is involved in cell shape changes and cell movement.

Answer 46

Filamentous actin (F-actin)

Question 47

____ provides a framework for cellular extensions.

Answer 47

Filamentous actin