Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 10, 4, 5, 6) Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
What are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye?
A
microorganisms
2
Q
Microbes include:
A
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses
3
Q
Term for disease-producing microbes:
A
pathogenic
4
Q
Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?
A
C. Linnaeus
5
Q
Binomial nomenclature includes:
A
genus and specific epithet of the organism
6
Q
T/F viruses do not use binomial nomenclature?
A
True
7
Q
Term for ‘bacteria’: means, pre-nucleus and single celled:
A
prokaryote
8
Q
This type of bacteria is single celled, does not have a membrane bound nucleus, has a peptidoglycan cell wall, divides by binary fission, and derives nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis:
A
prokaryote
9
Q
This type of bacteria is a prokaryote that exists in environments that don’t inhabit and is not pathogenic. It also lacks peptidoglycan cell walls:
A
archaea
10
Q
The archaea that take CO2 and convert it to methane:
A
methanogens
11
Q
The archaea that are salt loving:
A
extreme halophiles
12
Q
The archaea that live at extreme temperatures:
A
extreme thermophiles
13
Q
What is the eukaryote that has a membrane bound nucleus, chitin cell wall, produces spores and absorb organic chemicals for energy?
A
fungi
14
Q
Unicellular fungi:
A
yeast
15
Q
multicellular fungi:
A
molds and mushrooms
16
Q
Unicellular eukaryotes that absorb or ingest organic chemicals from their surrounding. May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. Free-living or parasitic and can perform phagocytosis.
A
protozoa
17
Q
Eukaryote with cellulose cell walls. Use photosynthesis for energy. Produce oxygen and carbohydrates. Can live in soil, water, salt water:
A
algae
18
Q
Acellular with a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat and may be enclosed in a lipid envelope. Inert outside living hosts and only replicate when are in a living host cell:
A
viruses
19
Q
Term for parasitic flatworms and roundworms:
A
helminths
20
Q
Eukaryote that is multicellular, not strictly microscopic, and live off of human tissue:
A
Multicellular animal parasites
21
Q
Who developed the Tree of Life way to classify microorganism?
A
Carl Woese
22
Q
What is the broadest form used to classify microorgnaisms?
A
Three domains categorized as the Tree of Life
23
Q
The Tree of Life consists of which domains of cellular organization?
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
24
Q
Are viruses classified in the three domains?
A
No, because they are non-living
25
Eukarya consists of:
protists, fungi, plants, animals
26
Who was responsible for discovering pasteurization and fermentation?
Pasteur
27
This person's discoveries showed the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs (antibiotics):
Pasteur
28
Term for the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air:
fermentation
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Term for the application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages:
paterurization
30
Who advocated for handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetric patient to another?
Semmelweis
31
Who discovered that a bacterium causes anthrax which led to demonstrating how a specific microbe can cause a specific disease?
Robert Koch
32
Who developed the first vaccine (smallpox)?
Edward Jenner
33
Term for the protection provided by a vaccine:
immunity
34
Treatment of disease with chemicals is called:
chemotherapy (targets more than just one type/cancer cell, thus causing many side effects)
35
What is the term for chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes (also considered a chemotherapeutic agent)?
antibiotics
36
Vaccines are meant to _____ disease; antimicrobial drugs are meant to ____ diesease.
prevent; treat
37
One of the first synthetic drugs used _____ from tree bark, to treat malaria.
quinine
38
This person developed a synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis:
Ehrlich
39
Who discovered the first antibiotic (penicillium)?
Alexander Fleming
40
Study of bacteria
bacteriology
41
Study of fungi
mycology
42
Study of protozoa and parasitic worms (helminths)
parasitology
43
Study of immunity; uses vaccines and interferons to prevent and cure viral diseases
Immunology
44
Study of viruses
virology
45
What device has made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail?
electron microscopes
46
Study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
microbial ecology
47
Term for the use of microbes to clean up pollutants due to the bacteria's ability to degrade organic matter or detoxify pollutants:
bioremediation
48
Study of how microbes inherit traits
microbial genetics
49
The use of microbes for practical applications such as producing foods and chemicals:
biotechnology
50
What kind of technology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes?
Recombinant DNA
51
What type of technology can use bacteria to produce human insulin or genetically modify bacteria to protect crops?
recombinant DNA
52
Term for microbes normally present in and on the human body:
normal microbiota
53
This is the first line of defense to infection as it prevents the growth of pathogens and provides resistance to disease:
normal microbiota
54
List a few resistance factors managed by the normal microbiota:
skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals
55
Term for the ability of the body to ward off disease:
resistance
56
The normal microbiota produce growth factors such as:
vitamins B and K
57
Term for a clump of bacteria that is held together by a matrix and can cause infections that are resistant to antibiotics:
biofilm
58
Term for new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence:
emerging infectious diseases
59
Koch's Postulates
1. microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal. 2. micro. are grown in pure culture and identified 3. micro. are inoculated into a healthy lab animal 4. disease produced in lab animal 5. micro. isolated and identified.
60
Science of classifying organisms that shows degree of similarity among organisms
taxonomy
61
Study of the evolutionary history of organisms
Systematics or phylogeny
62
Woese developed the three domains based on _______.
sequences of nucleotides in rRNA
63
Group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves (capable of sexual reproduction):
eukaryotic species
64
What is the most inclusive level of the taxonomic hierarchy?
domain
65
What is the most specific level of the taxonomic hierarchy and most specific in naming an organism?
genus and species
66
Order of the Taxonomic Hierarchy from greatest to least:
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
67
What domains don't have a kingdom?
bacteria and archaea
68
A population of cells with similar characteristics:
prokaryotic species
69
This species is very simple, single celled, not capable of sexual reproduction; procreate by binary fisson
prokaryotes
70
Kingdoms for eukaryotes:
protista, fungi, pantae, animalia
71
Term for a cell that can make its own food (plants):
autotrophic
72
Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche:
viral species
73
Term for placing organisms in groups of related species (non-experimental; lists characteristics of known organisms):
classification
74
Term for matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known organisms (experimental; clinical lab):
identification
75
Greek word for prenucleus
prokaryote
76
Greek work for true nucleus (membrane bound organelles)
eukaryote
77
What kind of microbe has a peptidoglycan cell wall?
bacteria
78
What kind of microbe has a pseudomurein cell wall?
archaea
79
What has a polysaccharide cell wall?
eukaryote
80
What kind of cell wall do plants have?
cellulose
81
What kind of cell wall do fungi have?
chitin
82
rod-shaped
bacillus
83
spherical
coccus
84
spiral shapes of bacteria:
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
85
cell shapes specific to archaea:
star-shaped; rectangular
86
pairs of cells
diplo
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clusters
staphylo
88
chains
strepto
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groups of four
tetrads
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cubelike structure of eight cells
sarcinae
91
What makes up a prokaryote's outermost layer?
glycocalyx
92
What structure contributes to virulence because it prevents phagocytosis?
capsule
93
What is the term for a type of bacteria that live in community and are anchored by a matrix?
biofilm
94
What structure's main job is locomotion?
flagella
95
What kind of structure moves the cell in a corkscrew fashion and is unique to spirochetes?
endoflagella
96
Term for hairlike appendages that allow for attachment? Many GI tract microbes have these so they can attach to the inner wall of the intestine without getting washed away.
fimbriae
97
This structure is involved in DNA transfer from one cell to another in order to pass on the gene pool in cells that do not sexually reproduce:
conjugation pili
98
What prevents a prokaryotic cell from lysis during osmotic changes?
peptidoglycan cell wall
99
peptidoglycan is made of:
protein and carbohydrate
100
What anchors the peptidoglycan to the plasma membrane?
teichoic acids
101
Gram positive cell walls have....
thick peptidoglycan layer
102
Gram negative cell walls have...
thin peptidoglycan layer
103
Lipid A on a gram-negative cell wall contains what?
endotoxin
104
What does the O polysaccharide on a gram negative cell wall serve as?
antigen
105
What determines the result of gram-stain?
the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer
106
This gram-stain results has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, produces exotoxins, has a high susceptibility to penicillin and is disrupted by lysozyme:
gram-positive
107
This gram-stain result has a thin peptidoglycan layer, is harder to treat clinically due to its low susceptibility to penicillin, and produces endotoxins and exotoxins causing fever, shock, and organ damage:
gram-negative
108
Gram-staining doesn't work on what kind of cell wall?
atypical cell walls
109
What kind of stain is used on atypical cell walls?
acid-fast
110
Term for the waxy lipid that is bound to peptidoglycan on atypical cell walls:
mycolic acid
111
What microbe causes walking pneumonia?
mycoplasmas
112
What type of microbe is wall-less or has wall of pseudomurein?
archaea
113
Photosynthetic pigments that allow a cell to carry out photosynthesis:
chromatophores
114
Substances move from high concentration to low concentration and NO energy is expended:
passive processes
115
Substances move from low concentration to high concentration and energy IS expended:
active processes
116
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; continues until molecules reach equilibrium:
simple diffusion
117
Solute combines with a transporter protein or carrier molecule in the membrane so that ions and larger molecules are transported across a membrane WITH the concentration gradient:
facilitated diffusion
118
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water an area of lower water concentration:
osmosis
119
This is a special water channel through a lipid layer that allows water to pass through the membrane:
aquaporins
120
Requires a transporter protein and ATP; goes AGAINST the gradient:
active transport
121
This process is exclusive to prokaryotes; the substance is altered as it crosses the membrane so it remains inside the cell:
group translocation
122
How many chromosomes do all prokaryotes (bacterial cells) have?
one chromosome
123
What is the circular thread of DNA that contains the cell's genetic information?
bacterial chromosome
124
Term for extrachromosomal genetic elements that contain genes allows a prokaryote to adapt and produce toxins:
plasmids
125
Buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell:
metabolism
126
What is an exergonic reaction?
catabolism
127
What breaks down complex molecules providing energy and building blocks for anabolism?
catabolism
128
What is an endergonic reaction?
anabolism
129
What uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules?
anabolism
130
The energy currency of all cells:
ATP
131
Catabolism releases energy by ___ of molecules.
oxidation
132
Metabolic pathways are determined by _____.
enzymes
133
Enzymes act on a specific _____ and lower the _____energy.
substrate; activation
134
Metabolism is made _____ reactions that result in electron transfer.
Oxidation-Reduction
135
electrons =
energy
136
removal of electrons
oxidation
137
gain of electrons
reduction
138
oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction:
redox reaction
139
What is used as electron carriers in redox reactions?
NAD+ and FAD
140
Converts light energy to ATP:
photophosphorylation
141
Carbohydrate catabolism involves what three main steps to breakdown carbohydrates and release energy?
glycolysis, kreb's cycle, electron transport chain
142
What do you call the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid that produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and NADH?
glycolysis
143
Phototrophs use ____ energy.
light
144
Name the physical requirements for microbial growth:
temperature, pH, osmotic pressure (balance between solutes and water)
145
Name the chemical requirements for microbial growth:
water, carbon, N, S, P, O, trace elements, organic growth factors
146
Name the cardinal temperatures for growth:
minimum, optimum, maximum
147
cold loving microbes:
psychrophiles
148
moderate-temperature-loving microbes
mesophiles
149
These microbes are found in hot springs and their optimum growth temp. is 50-60 C
thermophiles
150
These microbes have an optimum growth temp greater than 80 C
hyperthermophiles
151
These microorganisms like moderate temps. (room temp.) and can cause food spoilage:
psychotrophs
152
These microorganisms grow well at body temp. which makes many of them pathogenic:
mesophiles
153
Term for when there is no significant growth (below freezing):
bacteriostatic
154
Term describing high temperatures and its ability to kill bacteria:
bacteriocidal
155
Microbe that REQUIRES high osmotic pressure (high salt):
extreme or obligate halophiles
156
Microbes that TOLERATE high osmotic pressure (high salt):
facultative halophiles
157
Obligate aerobes _____oxygen and run the electron transport chain.
require
158
Can grow with (tolerates) or without O2 via fermentation or anaerobic respiration (E. coli):
facultative anaerobes
159
Microbe that tolerates O2 but cannot use O2
aerotolerant anaerobes
160
Microbe that requires O2 concentration lower than air
microaerophiles
161
These microbes can't tolerate O2 and are harmed by it:
obligate anaerobes
162
Name two enzymes that allow a cell to deal with toxic forms of O2(free radicals):
superoxide dismutase and enzyme catalase
163
What do you call a mixed culture?
biological sample
164
What type of media is used to suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes?
selective media
165
What type of media allow distinguishing of colonies of different microbes on the same plate?
differential media
166
A ____ is a population of cells arising from a single cell or endospore.
colony
167
The _____ method is used to isolate pure cultures.
streak plate
168
Normal reproduction for bacteria
binary fisson
169
Term for how long it takes a cell to go through one round of binary fisson:
doubling time or generation time
170
How do you calculate doubling time (equation)?
total number of cells = 2^n (n= number of generations)
171
Phases of bacterial growth:
lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase
172
During which stage of phase growth is there intense activity preparing for growth, but no division?
lag phase
173
During which stage of phase growth is there exponential increase in population?
log phase
174
During which stage of phase growth is there a period of equilibrium?
stationary phase
175
During which phase of growth is population decreasing at a logarithmic rate?
death phase
176
What kind of DNA tests are used for the classification of microbes?
DNA base composition, PCR, nucleic acid hybridization
177
What are two other way to use sugars in addition to glycolysis?
Pentose-phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway
178
What are three references use to help classify microbes?
Bergey’s Manual, approved lists of bacterial names, biochemical tests
179
What do peroxisomes do?
Destroy fats
180
What structure within the cell forms the mitotic spindle?
Centrosome
