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microbiology > Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 10, 4, 5, 6) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 10, 4, 5, 6) Flashcards

1
Q

What are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye?

A

microorganisms

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2
Q

Microbes include:

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses

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3
Q

Term for disease-producing microbes:

A

pathogenic

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4
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

A

C. Linnaeus

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5
Q

Binomial nomenclature includes:

A

genus and specific epithet of the organism

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6
Q

T/F viruses do not use binomial nomenclature?

A

True

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7
Q

Term for ‘bacteria’: means, pre-nucleus and single celled:

A

prokaryote

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8
Q

This type of bacteria is single celled, does not have a membrane bound nucleus, has a peptidoglycan cell wall, divides by binary fission, and derives nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis:

A

prokaryote

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9
Q

This type of bacteria is a prokaryote that exists in environments that don’t inhabit and is not pathogenic. It also lacks peptidoglycan cell walls:

A

archaea

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10
Q

The archaea that take CO2 and convert it to methane:

A

methanogens

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11
Q

The archaea that are salt loving:

A

extreme halophiles

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12
Q

The archaea that live at extreme temperatures:

A

extreme thermophiles

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13
Q

What is the eukaryote that has a membrane bound nucleus, chitin cell wall, produces spores and absorb organic chemicals for energy?

A

fungi

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14
Q

Unicellular fungi:

A

yeast

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15
Q

multicellular fungi:

A

molds and mushrooms

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16
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes that absorb or ingest organic chemicals from their surrounding. May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. Free-living or parasitic and can perform phagocytosis.

A

protozoa

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17
Q

Eukaryote with cellulose cell walls. Use photosynthesis for energy. Produce oxygen and carbohydrates. Can live in soil, water, salt water:

A

algae

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18
Q

Acellular with a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat and may be enclosed in a lipid envelope. Inert outside living hosts and only replicate when are in a living host cell:

A

viruses

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19
Q

Term for parasitic flatworms and roundworms:

A

helminths

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20
Q

Eukaryote that is multicellular, not strictly microscopic, and live off of human tissue:

A

Multicellular animal parasites

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21
Q

Who developed the Tree of Life way to classify microorganism?

A

Carl Woese

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22
Q

What is the broadest form used to classify microorgnaisms?

A

Three domains categorized as the Tree of Life

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23
Q

The Tree of Life consists of which domains of cellular organization?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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24
Q

Are viruses classified in the three domains?

A

No, because they are non-living

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25
Q

Eukarya consists of:

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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26
Q

Who was responsible for discovering pasteurization and fermentation?

A

Pasteur

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27
Q

This person’s discoveries showed the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs (antibiotics):

A

Pasteur

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28
Q

Term for the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air:

A

fermentation

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29
Q

Term for the application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages:

A

paterurization

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30
Q

Who advocated for handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetric patient to another?

A

Semmelweis

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31
Q

Who discovered that a bacterium causes anthrax which led to demonstrating how a specific microbe can cause a specific disease?

A

Robert Koch

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32
Q

Who developed the first vaccine (smallpox)?

A

Edward Jenner

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33
Q

Term for the protection provided by a vaccine:

A

immunity

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34
Q

Treatment of disease with chemicals is called:

A

chemotherapy (targets more than just one type/cancer cell, thus causing many side effects)

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35
Q

What is the term for chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes (also considered a chemotherapeutic agent)?

A

antibiotics

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36
Q

Vaccines are meant to _____ disease; antimicrobial drugs are meant to ____ diesease.

A

prevent; treat

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37
Q

One of the first synthetic drugs used _____ from tree bark, to treat malaria.

A

quinine

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38
Q

This person developed a synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis:

A

Ehrlich

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39
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic (penicillium)?

A

Alexander Fleming

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40
Q

Study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

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41
Q

Study of fungi

A

mycology

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42
Q

Study of protozoa and parasitic worms (helminths)

A

parasitology

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43
Q

Study of immunity; uses vaccines and interferons to prevent and cure viral diseases

A

Immunology

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44
Q

Study of viruses

A

virology

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45
Q

What device has made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail?

A

electron microscopes

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46
Q

Study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

A

microbial ecology

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47
Q

Term for the use of microbes to clean up pollutants due to the bacteria’s ability to degrade organic matter or detoxify pollutants:

A

bioremediation

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48
Q

Study of how microbes inherit traits

A

microbial genetics

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49
Q

The use of microbes for practical applications such as producing foods and chemicals:

A

biotechnology

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50
Q

What kind of technology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes?

A

Recombinant DNA

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51
Q

What type of technology can use bacteria to produce human insulin or genetically modify bacteria to protect crops?

A

recombinant DNA

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52
Q

Term for microbes normally present in and on the human body:

A

normal microbiota

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53
Q

This is the first line of defense to infection as it prevents the growth of pathogens and provides resistance to disease:

A

normal microbiota

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54
Q

List a few resistance factors managed by the normal microbiota:

A

skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals

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55
Q

Term for the ability of the body to ward off disease:

A

resistance

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56
Q

The normal microbiota produce growth factors such as:

A

vitamins B and K

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57
Q

Term for a clump of bacteria that is held together by a matrix and can cause infections that are resistant to antibiotics:

A

biofilm

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58
Q

Term for new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence:

A

emerging infectious diseases

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59
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal. 2. micro. are grown in pure culture and identified 3. micro. are inoculated into a healthy lab animal 4. disease produced in lab animal 5. micro. isolated and identified.
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60
Q

Science of classifying organisms that shows degree of similarity among organisms

A

taxonomy

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61
Q

Study of the evolutionary history of organisms

A

Systematics or phylogeny

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62
Q

Woese developed the three domains based on _______.

A

sequences of nucleotides in rRNA

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63
Q

Group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves (capable of sexual reproduction):

A

eukaryotic species

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64
Q

What is the most inclusive level of the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

domain

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65
Q

What is the most specific level of the taxonomic hierarchy and most specific in naming an organism?

A

genus and species

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66
Q

Order of the Taxonomic Hierarchy from greatest to least:

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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67
Q

What domains don’t have a kingdom?

A

bacteria and archaea

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68
Q

A population of cells with similar characteristics:

A

prokaryotic species

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69
Q

This species is very simple, single celled, not capable of sexual reproduction; procreate by binary fisson

A

prokaryotes

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70
Q

Kingdoms for eukaryotes:

A

protista, fungi, pantae, animalia

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71
Q

Term for a cell that can make its own food (plants):

A

autotrophic

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72
Q

Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche:

A

viral species

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73
Q

Term for placing organisms in groups of related species (non-experimental; lists characteristics of known organisms):

A

classification

74
Q

Term for matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to lists of known organisms (experimental; clinical lab):

A

identification

75
Q

Greek word for prenucleus

A

prokaryote

76
Q

Greek work for true nucleus (membrane bound organelles)

A

eukaryote

77
Q

What kind of microbe has a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

bacteria

78
Q

What kind of microbe has a pseudomurein cell wall?

A

archaea

79
Q

What has a polysaccharide cell wall?

A

eukaryote

80
Q

What kind of cell wall do plants have?

A

cellulose

81
Q

What kind of cell wall do fungi have?

A

chitin

82
Q

rod-shaped

A

bacillus

83
Q

spherical

A

coccus

84
Q

spiral shapes of bacteria:

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

85
Q

cell shapes specific to archaea:

A

star-shaped; rectangular

86
Q

pairs of cells

A

diplo

87
Q

clusters

A

staphylo

88
Q

chains

A

strepto

89
Q

groups of four

A

tetrads

90
Q

cubelike structure of eight cells

A

sarcinae

91
Q

What makes up a prokaryote’s outermost layer?

A

glycocalyx

92
Q

What structure contributes to virulence because it prevents phagocytosis?

A

capsule

93
Q

What is the term for a type of bacteria that live in community and are anchored by a matrix?

A

biofilm

94
Q

What structure’s main job is locomotion?

A

flagella

95
Q

What kind of structure moves the cell in a corkscrew fashion and is unique to spirochetes?

A

endoflagella

96
Q

Term for hairlike appendages that allow for attachment? Many GI tract microbes have these so they can attach to the inner wall of the intestine without getting washed away.

A

fimbriae

97
Q

This structure is involved in DNA transfer from one cell to another in order to pass on the gene pool in cells that do not sexually reproduce:

A

conjugation pili

98
Q

What prevents a prokaryotic cell from lysis during osmotic changes?

A

peptidoglycan cell wall

99
Q

peptidoglycan is made of:

A

protein and carbohydrate

100
Q

What anchors the peptidoglycan to the plasma membrane?

A

teichoic acids

101
Q

Gram positive cell walls have….

A

thick peptidoglycan layer

102
Q

Gram negative cell walls have…

A

thin peptidoglycan layer

103
Q

Lipid A on a gram-negative cell wall contains what?

A

endotoxin

104
Q

What does the O polysaccharide on a gram negative cell wall serve as?

A

antigen

105
Q

What determines the result of gram-stain?

A

the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer

106
Q

This gram-stain results has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, produces exotoxins, has a high susceptibility to penicillin and is disrupted by lysozyme:

A

gram-positive

107
Q

This gram-stain result has a thin peptidoglycan layer, is harder to treat clinically due to its low susceptibility to penicillin, and produces endotoxins and exotoxins causing fever, shock, and organ damage:

A

gram-negative

108
Q

Gram-staining doesn’t work on what kind of cell wall?

A

atypical cell walls

109
Q

What kind of stain is used on atypical cell walls?

A

acid-fast

110
Q

Term for the waxy lipid that is bound to peptidoglycan on atypical cell walls:

A

mycolic acid

111
Q

What microbe causes walking pneumonia?

A

mycoplasmas

112
Q

What type of microbe is wall-less or has wall of pseudomurein?

A

archaea

113
Q

Photosynthetic pigments that allow a cell to carry out photosynthesis:

A

chromatophores

114
Q

Substances move from high concentration to low concentration and NO energy is expended:

A

passive processes

115
Q

Substances move from low concentration to high concentration and energy IS expended:

A

active processes

116
Q

Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; continues until molecules reach equilibrium:

A

simple diffusion

117
Q

Solute combines with a transporter protein or carrier molecule in the membrane so that ions and larger molecules are transported across a membrane WITH the concentration gradient:

A

facilitated diffusion

118
Q

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water an area of lower water concentration:

A

osmosis

119
Q

This is a special water channel through a lipid layer that allows water to pass through the membrane:

A

aquaporins

120
Q

Requires a transporter protein and ATP; goes AGAINST the gradient:

A

active transport

121
Q

This process is exclusive to prokaryotes; the substance is altered as it crosses the membrane so it remains inside the cell:

A

group translocation

122
Q

How many chromosomes do all prokaryotes (bacterial cells) have?

A

one chromosome

123
Q

What is the circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic information?

A

bacterial chromosome

124
Q

Term for extrachromosomal genetic elements that contain genes allows a prokaryote to adapt and produce toxins:

A

plasmids

125
Q

Buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell:

A

metabolism

126
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

catabolism

127
Q

What breaks down complex molecules providing energy and building blocks for anabolism?

A

catabolism

128
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

anabolism

129
Q

What uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules?

A

anabolism

130
Q

The energy currency of all cells:

A

ATP

131
Q

Catabolism releases energy by ___ of molecules.

A

oxidation

132
Q

Metabolic pathways are determined by _____.

A

enzymes

133
Q

Enzymes act on a specific _____ and lower the _____energy.

A

substrate; activation

134
Q

Metabolism is made _____ reactions that result in electron transfer.

A

Oxidation-Reduction

135
Q

electrons =

A

energy

136
Q

removal of electrons

A

oxidation

137
Q

gain of electrons

A

reduction

138
Q

oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction:

A

redox reaction

139
Q

What is used as electron carriers in redox reactions?

A

NAD+ and FAD

140
Q

Converts light energy to ATP:

A

photophosphorylation

141
Q

Carbohydrate catabolism involves what three main steps to breakdown carbohydrates and release energy?

A

glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain

142
Q

What do you call the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid that produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and NADH?

A

glycolysis

143
Q

Phototrophs use ____ energy.

A

light

144
Q

Name the physical requirements for microbial growth:

A

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure (balance between solutes and water)

145
Q

Name the chemical requirements for microbial growth:

A

water, carbon, N, S, P, O, trace elements, organic growth factors

146
Q

Name the cardinal temperatures for growth:

A

minimum, optimum, maximum

147
Q

cold loving microbes:

A

psychrophiles

148
Q

moderate-temperature-loving microbes

A

mesophiles

149
Q

These microbes are found in hot springs and their optimum growth temp. is 50-60 C

A

thermophiles

150
Q

These microbes have an optimum growth temp greater than 80 C

A

hyperthermophiles

151
Q

These microorganisms like moderate temps. (room temp.) and can cause food spoilage:

A

psychotrophs

152
Q

These microorganisms grow well at body temp. which makes many of them pathogenic:

A

mesophiles

153
Q

Term for when there is no significant growth (below freezing):

A

bacteriostatic

154
Q

Term describing high temperatures and its ability to kill bacteria:

A

bacteriocidal

155
Q

Microbe that REQUIRES high osmotic pressure (high salt):

A

extreme or obligate halophiles

156
Q

Microbes that TOLERATE high osmotic pressure (high salt):

A

facultative halophiles

157
Q

Obligate aerobes _____oxygen and run the electron transport chain.

A

require

158
Q

Can grow with (tolerates) or without O2 via fermentation or anaerobic respiration (E. coli):

A

facultative anaerobes

159
Q

Microbe that tolerates O2 but cannot use O2

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

160
Q

Microbe that requires O2 concentration lower than air

A

microaerophiles

161
Q

These microbes can’t tolerate O2 and are harmed by it:

A

obligate anaerobes

162
Q

Name two enzymes that allow a cell to deal with toxic forms of O2(free radicals):

A

superoxide dismutase and enzyme catalase

163
Q

What do you call a mixed culture?

A

biological sample

164
Q

What type of media is used to suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes?

A

selective media

165
Q

What type of media allow distinguishing of colonies of different microbes on the same plate?

A

differential media

166
Q

A ____ is a population of cells arising from a single cell or endospore.

A

colony

167
Q

The _____ method is used to isolate pure cultures.

A

streak plate

168
Q

Normal reproduction for bacteria

A

binary fisson

169
Q

Term for how long it takes a cell to go through one round of binary fisson:

A

doubling time or generation time

170
Q

How do you calculate doubling time (equation)?

A

total number of cells = 2^n (n= number of generations)

171
Q

Phases of bacterial growth:

A

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase

172
Q

During which stage of phase growth is there intense activity preparing for growth, but no division?

A

lag phase

173
Q

During which stage of phase growth is there exponential increase in population?

A

log phase

174
Q

During which stage of phase growth is there a period of equilibrium?

A

stationary phase

175
Q

During which phase of growth is population decreasing at a logarithmic rate?

A

death phase

176
Q

What kind of DNA tests are used for the classification of microbes?

A

DNA base composition, PCR, nucleic acid hybridization

177
Q

What are two other way to use sugars in addition to glycolysis?

A

Pentose-phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway

178
Q

What are three references use to help classify microbes?

A

Bergey’s Manual, approved lists of bacterial names, biochemical tests

179
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

Destroy fats

180
Q

What structure within the cell forms the mitotic spindle?

A

Centrosome

microbiology (7 decks)

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