Lab Practical 1

Question 1

The ability of a microscope to differentiate two closely spaced objects as being distinct from one another:

Answer 1

resolving power

Question 2

This is the fourth factor that affects the operation of the microscope…the distance between the objective lens and the slide specimen when the lens is in focus:

Answer 2

working distance

Question 3

What effect does a reduction of illumination have on resolving power?

Answer 3

decreasing illumination tends to increase the contrast and reduce the resolving power of a lens

Question 4

Term indicating what is in focus under low power should be nearly in focus under the immersion lens also:

Answer 4

parfocal

Question 5

What is the magnification of the oil immersion lens?

Answer 5

100x

Question 6

What kingdom are fungi in?

Answer 6

kingdom fungi

Question 7

Are fungi domain prokaryote or eukaryote?

Answer 7

Domain: Eukarya

Question 8

Can fungi photosynthesize?

Answer 8

No. They are nonphotosynthetic

Question 9

Define dimorphic as it applies to fungi:

Answer 9

some are yeast and some are mold

Question 10

fungal mass or meshwork of furry growth is called:

Answer 10

mycelium

Question 11

Individual filaments or strands that form the mycelium of fungi is called:

Answer 11

hyphae

Question 12

How do fungi reproduce?

Answer 12

spores

Question 13

fungi sexually reproduce with:

Answer 13

zygospores

Question 14

fungi asexually reproduce with:

Answer 14

sporangiospores, budding, conidiospores

Question 15

Diseases caused by Candida:

Answer 15

vulvovaginitis, oral thrush

Question 16

Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium cause:

Answer 16

pulmonary infections

Question 17

What kingdom are Protozoa in?

Answer 17

Protista

Question 18

What domain are Protozoa in?

Answer 18

Eukarya

Question 19

Are Protozoa eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

Answer 19

eukaryotic

Question 20

Do protozoa grow in multicellular form?

Answer 20

no, they are single celled heterotrophs

Question 21

Plasmodium causes:

Answer 21

malaria

Question 22

The vector for plasmodium:

Answer 22

anopheles mosquito

Question 23

Toxoplasma causes:

Answer 23

toxoplasmosis

Question 24

host for Toxoplasma:

Answer 24

cats (pregnant women are vulnerable–can cause birth defects or miscarriage)

Question 25

What disease does Trypanosoma cause?

Answer 25

Chagas disease and African Sleeping Sickness

Question 26

Vector of transmission for Trypanosoma:

Answer 26

tsetse fly

Question 27

What disease is caused by Trichomonas?

Answer 27

STD

Question 28

What disease is caused by Leishmania?

Answer 28

leishmaniasis

Question 29

What is the vector for Leishmania?

Answer 29

sand fly

Question 30

Giardia causes...

Answer 30

severe gastroenteritis by way of fecal-oral route

Question 31

Balantidium causes...

Answer 31

colitis (fecal-oral route)

Question 32

What are two ways to contract toxoplasmosis?

Answer 32

feces of cats and eating undercooked or raw meat

Question 33

What are two medical problems associated with congenital toxoplasmosis?

Answer 33

hydrocephaly, microcephaly, heart defects, blindness

Question 34

What are fomites?

Answer 34

nonliving surfaces

Question 35

hemolysis is the....

Answer 35

destruction of red blood cells

Question 36

What is a blood agar plate made of?

Answer 36

TSA and 5% sheep's blood

Question 37

Gamma hemolysis is:

Answer 37

no hemolysis (growth, but still normal red color)

Question 38

Alpha hemolysis is:

Answer 38

partial hemolysis (produces green pigment/green halo)

Question 39

Beta hemolysis is:

Answer 39

complete hemolysis (clear halos)

Question 40

Routes of transmission:

Answer 40

droplets, vectors, airborne (aerosols, dust spores), direct contact, bloodborne, food and water borne, fecal-oral route

Question 41

What is a pure culture?

Answer 41

a culture of any microorganism that contains only cells of that microorganism

Question 42

asepsis means...

Answer 42

without any microorganisms

Question 43

Term for the transfer of microorganisms from one medium to another:

Answer 43

inoculation

Question 44

What is the purpose of flaming the openings of the test tubes?

Answer 44

prevents contamination by keeping airborne microbes out of the tube

Question 45

What are two methods of inoculation completed with an inoculating look?

Answer 45

transferring a loopful of liquid suspension of microorganism to a solid surface medium (petri dish of agar or agar slant) or to another liquid medium.

Question 46

What does nutrient broth contain?

Answer 46

peptone, beef extract, distilled water

Question 47

sterile means...

Answer 47

free from bacteria or other living microorganisms

Question 48

How is growth detected in broth?

Answer 48

cloudiness (turbidity)

Question 49

Agar deeps are stabbed with...

Answer 49

inoculating needle

Question 50

How is a slant prepared?

Answer 50

liquid agar is poured in tubes and sterilized in the steam sterilizer, then it is allowed to solidify on a tilted board so that the agar surface is on a slant

Question 51

What is an agar deep?

Answer 51

Agar media that is allowed to solidify while the tubes are upright so that it form a solid plug of medium

Question 52

What is the solidifying agent in deeps and slants and petri dishes?

Answer 52

agar

Question 53

Steps for performing aseptic transfer:

Answer 53

flame loop or needle at an angle slowly until it glows red hot, allow loop to cool so it doesn't kill microbes, flame the lip of the test tube 2x quickly, flame test tube opening and return cap, transfer microbe to agar, flame loop or needle to sterilize.

Question 54

What kind of stain uses only one dye?

Answer 54

simple stain

Question 55

What kind of stain uses multiple dyes?

Answer 55

differential stain

Question 56

What are some examples of basic dyes?

Answer 56

crystal violet, safranin, methylene blue, carbolfushin, malachite green

Question 57

The lens that one looks through is called (microscope):

Answer 57

Ocular/eyepiece

Question 58

Vector for African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei)

Answer 58

Tsetse fly

Question 59

Transmission of Trypansoma cruzi (Chagas disease):

Answer 59

Feces of reduviid bug

Question 60

What’s an example of an acidic stain?

Answer 60

Nigrosine and India Ink

Question 61

What does a good quality smear look like?

Answer 61

Hazy/cloudy

Question 62

What is the charge on a negative stain and what kind of dye is used?

Answer 62

Negative; acidic stain (nigrosine)

Question 63

Why is a negative stain useful?

Answer 63

To identify morphology

Question 64

Do you heat fix a negative stain?

Answer 64

No, you do not heat fix so there is NO distortion of the cell morphology

Question 65

For smear prep and staining, what kind of dye do you generally use for bacteria?

Answer 65

Basic dye

Question 66

Does a basic stain have a positive or negative charge?

Answer 66

Positive

Question 67

Why does a negative stain look the way it does?

Answer 67

Because the dye and cytoplasm are both acidic, the dye does not bind to the cell and only the background is stained.

Question 68

What’s another name for the Schaeffer-Fulton Procedure?

Answer 68

Endospore stain

Question 69

By what process do endospores form?

Answer 69

Sporogenesis from the sporangium

Question 70

Term for the change of a spore from the dormant stage to the metabolically active stage...

Answer 70

Germination

Question 71

As an endospore forms, it accumulates...

Answer 71

Calcium and dipicolinic acid

Question 72

Where are endospores formed?

Answer 72

Within the vegetative cell

Question 73

Endospores contain the genus:

Answer 73

Bacillus and clostridium

Question 74

Aerobic bacteria that form endospores are found in the genus:

Answer 74

Bacillus

Question 75

Anaerobic bacteria that form endospores are found in the genus:

Answer 75

Clostridium

Question 76

What kind of dye is used to stain the endospore?

Answer 76

Malachite green

Question 77

Endospores are resistant to:

Answer 77

Heat

Question 78

Is a decolorizer used in an endospore stain?

Answer 78

No

Question 79

Name the primary and secondary stains for an endospore stain:

Answer 79

Primary: malachite green ; Secondary: safranin

Question 80

What color do endospores stain? What color do the vegetative cells stain?

Answer 80

ES: green; Veg. Cell: pink

Question 81

In staining procedures, what distorts cell morphology?

Answer 81

Heat fixing

Question 82

What are two chemicals responsible for endospore resistance?

Answer 82

Calcium and dipicolinic acid

Question 83

Is endospore formation a method of cell division?

Answer 83

No

Question 84

What are cardinal temperatures?

Answer 84

Minimum, optimum, maximum

Question 85

Anti-septics are used on:

Answer 85

Living tissue

Question 86

Disinfectant is used on:

Answer 86

Non-living surfaces

Question 87

Give an example of a common resident flora:

Answer 87

Staphylococcus epidermis Corneybacterium Proprionibacterium

Question 88

Give an example of common transient flora:

Answer 88

Staphylococcus aureus Coliforms (fecal material) Clostridia

Question 89

What are TSA plates made of?

Answer 89

Tryptic soy agar

Question 90

Describe two body mechanisms used to eliminate transient flora:

Answer 90

Lysozyme from sweat glands and low pH of the skin

Question 91

T/F: coliforms are an example of transient flora.

Answer 91

True

Question 92

Who established the importance of hand washing to reduce puerperal sepsis?

Answer 92

Semmelweis

Question 93

Describe a hazard psychotropics present during refrigeration:

Answer 93

They grow at 0 degrees C which allows them to grow in the fridge

Question 94

Describe a temperature dependent process in Serratia marcescens:

Answer 94

Pigment production