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Microbiology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of a microscope to differentiate two closely spaced objects as being distinct from one another:

A

resolving power

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2
Q

This is the fourth factor that affects the operation of the microscope…the distance between the objective lens and the slide specimen when the lens is in focus:

A

working distance

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3
Q

What effect does a reduction of illumination have on resolving power?

A

decreasing illumination tends to increase the contrast and reduce the resolving power of a lens

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4
Q

Term indicating what is in focus under low power should be nearly in focus under the immersion lens also:

A

parfocal

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5
Q

What is the magnification of the oil immersion lens?

A

100x

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6
Q

What kingdom are fungi in?

A

kingdom fungi

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7
Q

Are fungi domain prokaryote or eukaryote?

A

Domain: Eukarya

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8
Q

Can fungi photosynthesize?

A

No. They are nonphotosynthetic

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9
Q

Define dimorphic as it applies to fungi:

A

some are yeast and some are mold

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10
Q

fungal mass or meshwork of furry growth is called:

A

mycelium

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11
Q

Individual filaments or strands that form the mycelium of fungi is called:

A

hyphae

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12
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

spores

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13
Q

fungi sexually reproduce with:

A

zygospores

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14
Q

fungi asexually reproduce with:

A

sporangiospores, budding, conidiospores

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15
Q

Diseases caused by Candida:

A

vulvovaginitis, oral thrush

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16
Q

Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium cause:

A

pulmonary infections

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17
Q

What kingdom are Protozoa in?

A

Protista

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18
Q

What domain are Protozoa in?

A

Eukarya

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19
Q

Are Protozoa eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic

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20
Q

Do protozoa grow in multicellular form?

A

no, they are single celled heterotrophs

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21
Q

Plasmodium causes:

A

malaria

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22
Q

The vector for plasmodium:

A

anopheles mosquito

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23
Q

Toxoplasma causes:

A

toxoplasmosis

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24
Q

host for Toxoplasma:

A

cats (pregnant women are vulnerable–can cause birth defects or miscarriage)

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25
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma cause?

A

Chagas disease and African Sleeping Sickness

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26
Q

Vector of transmission for Trypanosoma:

A

tsetse fly

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27
Q

What disease is caused by Trichomonas?

A

STD

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28
Q

What disease is caused by Leishmania?

A

leishmaniasis

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29
Q

What is the vector for Leishmania?

A

sand fly

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30
Q

Giardia causes…

A

severe gastroenteritis by way of fecal-oral route

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31
Q

Balantidium causes…

A

colitis (fecal-oral route)

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32
Q

What are two ways to contract toxoplasmosis?

A

feces of cats and eating undercooked or raw meat

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33
Q

What are two medical problems associated with congenital toxoplasmosis?

A

hydrocephaly, microcephaly, heart defects, blindness

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34
Q

What are fomites?

A

nonliving surfaces

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35
Q

hemolysis is the….

A

destruction of red blood cells

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36
Q

What is a blood agar plate made of?

A

TSA and 5% sheep’s blood

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37
Q

Gamma hemolysis is:

A

no hemolysis (growth, but still normal red color)

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38
Q

Alpha hemolysis is:

A

partial hemolysis (produces green pigment/green halo)

39
Q

Beta hemolysis is:

A

complete hemolysis (clear halos)

40
Q

Routes of transmission:

A

droplets, vectors, airborne (aerosols, dust spores), direct contact, bloodborne, food and water borne, fecal-oral route

41
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

a culture of any microorganism that contains only cells of that microorganism

42
Q

asepsis means…

A

without any microorganisms

43
Q

Term for the transfer of microorganisms from one medium to another:

A

inoculation

44
Q

What is the purpose of flaming the openings of the test tubes?

A

prevents contamination by keeping airborne microbes out of the tube

45
Q

What are two methods of inoculation completed with an inoculating look?

A

transferring a loopful of liquid suspension of microorganism to a solid surface medium (petri dish of agar or agar slant) or to another liquid medium.

46
Q

What does nutrient broth contain?

A

peptone, beef extract, distilled water

47
Q

sterile means…

A

free from bacteria or other living microorganisms

48
Q

How is growth detected in broth?

A

cloudiness (turbidity)

49
Q

Agar deeps are stabbed with…

A

inoculating needle

50
Q

How is a slant prepared?

A

liquid agar is poured in tubes and sterilized in the steam sterilizer, then it is allowed to solidify on a tilted board so that the agar surface is on a slant

51
Q

What is an agar deep?

A

Agar media that is allowed to solidify while the tubes are upright so that it form a solid plug of medium

52
Q

What is the solidifying agent in deeps and slants and petri dishes?

A

agar

53
Q

Steps for performing aseptic transfer:

A

flame loop or needle at an angle slowly until it glows red hot, allow loop to cool so it doesn’t kill microbes, flame the lip of the test tube 2x quickly, flame test tube opening and return cap, transfer microbe to agar, flame loop or needle to sterilize.

54
Q

What kind of stain uses only one dye?

A

simple stain

55
Q

What kind of stain uses multiple dyes?

A

differential stain

56
Q

What are some examples of basic dyes?

A

crystal violet, safranin, methylene blue, carbolfushin, malachite green

57
Q

The lens that one looks through is called (microscope):

A

Ocular/eyepiece

58
Q

Vector for African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei)

A

Tsetse fly

59
Q

Transmission of Trypansoma cruzi (Chagas disease):

A

Feces of reduviid bug

60
Q

What’s an example of an acidic stain?

A

Nigrosine and India Ink

61
Q

What does a good quality smear look like?

A

Hazy/cloudy

62
Q

What is the charge on a negative stain and what kind of dye is used?

A

Negative; acidic stain (nigrosine)

63
Q

Why is a negative stain useful?

A

To identify morphology

64
Q

Do you heat fix a negative stain?

A

No, you do not heat fix so there is NO distortion of the cell morphology

65
Q

For smear prep and staining, what kind of dye do you generally use for bacteria?

A

Basic dye

66
Q

Does a basic stain have a positive or negative charge?

A

Positive

67
Q

Why does a negative stain look the way it does?

A

Because the dye and cytoplasm are both acidic, the dye does not bind to the cell and only the background is stained.

68
Q

What’s another name for the Schaeffer-Fulton Procedure?

A

Endospore stain

69
Q

By what process do endospores form?

A

Sporogenesis from the sporangium

70
Q

Term for the change of a spore from the dormant stage to the metabolically active stage…

A

Germination

71
Q

As an endospore forms, it accumulates…

A

Calcium and dipicolinic acid

72
Q

Where are endospores formed?

A

Within the vegetative cell

73
Q

Endospores contain the genus:

A

Bacillus and clostridium

74
Q

Aerobic bacteria that form endospores are found in the genus:

A

Bacillus

75
Q

Anaerobic bacteria that form endospores are found in the genus:

A

Clostridium

76
Q

What kind of dye is used to stain the endospore?

A

Malachite green

77
Q

Endospores are resistant to:

A

Heat

78
Q

Is a decolorizer used in an endospore stain?

A

No

79
Q

Name the primary and secondary stains for an endospore stain:

A

Primary: malachite green ; Secondary: safranin

80
Q

What color do endospores stain? What color do the vegetative cells stain?

A

ES: green; Veg. Cell: pink

81
Q

In staining procedures, what distorts cell morphology?

A

Heat fixing

82
Q

What are two chemicals responsible for endospore resistance?

A

Calcium and dipicolinic acid

83
Q

Is endospore formation a method of cell division?

A

No

84
Q

What are cardinal temperatures?

A

Minimum, optimum, maximum

85
Q

Anti-septics are used on:

A

Living tissue

86
Q

Disinfectant is used on:

A

Non-living surfaces

87
Q

Give an example of a common resident flora:

A

Staphylococcus epidermis
Corneybacterium
Proprionibacterium

88
Q

Give an example of common transient flora:

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Coliforms (fecal material)
Clostridia

89
Q

What are TSA plates made of?

A

Tryptic soy agar

90
Q

Describe two body mechanisms used to eliminate transient flora:

A

Lysozyme from sweat glands and low pH of the skin

91
Q

T/F: coliforms are an example of transient flora.

A

True

92
Q

Who established the importance of hand washing to reduce puerperal sepsis?

A

Semmelweis

93
Q

Describe a hazard psychotropics present during refrigeration:

A

They grow at 0 degrees C which allows them to grow in the fridge

94
Q

Describe a temperature dependent process in Serratia marcescens:

A

Pigment production

Microbiology (7 decks)

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