Exam 1 - Ch 3

Question 1

what are the four processes of social cognition

Answer 1

attention, interpretation, judgment, memory

Question 2

true or false: people are likely to pay attention to negative things w people you may not know, while pay attention to positive things w people you do know

Answer 2

true

Question 3

what the goals of social cognition

Answer 3

to be flexible, think well of self, to be accurate

Question 4

what is flexibility

Answer 4

the ability ti adapt to different contexts and conserve mental effort

Question 5

what are expectations

Answer 5

presumptions of people and situations, can be accurate or not quite

Question 6

broad inferences of personality traits based on their behaviors

Answer 6

dispositional inferences

Question 7

why do we partake in conserving mental effort

Answer 7

complex information rich world and limited human attentional capacity

Question 8

what is anchoring and adjustment

Answer 8

anchoring based on a judgment and then adjusting with attainment of new information

Question 9

true or false: arousal and circadian rhythms cause us to use conserving mental efforts

Answer 9

true

Question 10

true or false: people w high need for structure DO NOT need more mental shortcuts

Answer 10

false

Question 11

true or false: people in complex situations or time pressure situations are MORE likely to use mental shortcuts

Answer 11

true

Question 12

why do we have cognitive strategies for enhancing and protecting the self

Answer 12

because we want to preserve a positive self image, we want to feel good about ourselves

Question 13

why do we like to believe we have control

Answer 13

because we like to think our success are a result of our choices

Question 14

who is MORE likely to use cognitive strategies to enhance the self, individual w low or high self esteem and why

Answer 14

individuals w high self esteem because they need to enhance and maintain their already existing self image

Question 15

true or false: individuals w low levels of self esteem DO NOT use cognitive strategies of to enhance the self

Answer 15

false-they do, just not as much as those w high self esteem

Question 16

how culturally universal is the need for positive self-regard

Answer 16

both individualistic and collectivistic cultures use it, just that they use it in different ways

Question 17

what is attributional logic

Answer 17

seeking the causes of behavior

Question 18

what are two models we use for attributional logic

Answer 18

correspondent inference theory and covariation model

Question 19

true or false: when we are unhappy mood we are less likely to seek more information

Answer 19

false - happy mood leads to less info seeking

Question 20

true or false: individuals who like critically think are more likely to seek an accurate understand

Answer 20

true

Question 21

selecting info - process of consciously focusing on aspects of one’s environment or oneself, is limited

Answer 21

attention

Question 22

the things we pay attention to is influenced by what

Answer 22

personal interests, social class, values, beliefs

Question 23

giving information meaning - determining what info we pick up, through attention, means

Answer 23

interpretation

Question 24

true or false: our values DO NOT influence the way we interpret things

Answer 24

false

Question 25

using info to form impressions and make decisions

Answer 25

judgement

Question 26

stored information for future use

Answer 26

memory

Question 27

true or false: memories can influences new judgements

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what are expectations

Answer 28

our beliefs about the world, what we expect

Question 29

when an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectations to come true

Answer 29

self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 30

the judgement that a person's behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person's personality

Answer 30

dispositional inferences

Question 31

tendency to overestimate the casual influence of personality and behavior, and underestimate casual role of situational influences

Answer 31

correspondence bias

Question 32

what is a cognitive heuristic

Answer 32

a metal shortcut used to make a judgement

Question 33

mental shortcut used to classify something as belonging to a certain category, similar to a typical case from that category

Answer 33

representative heuristic

Question 34

mental shortcut used to estimate likelihood of an event by the ease of which instances of that event come to mind

Answer 34

availability heuristic

Question 35

tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree w us

Answer 35

false consensus effect

Question 36

mental shortcut where we start w an estimation and adjust by taking unique characteristic of present situation

Answer 36

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 37

true or false: being aroused DOES NOT make us use cognitive heuristics

Answer 37

false

Question 38

people who are motivated to organize their mental and physical worlds are people who _______

Answer 38

need structure

Question 39

true or false: when we have to justify our reasoning we are LESS likely to use cognitive shortcuts

Answer 39

true

Question 40

process pf comparing ourselves w those who are less well off

Answer 40

downward social comparison

Question 41

process of comparing ourselves w those who are better off

Answer 41

upward social comparison

Question 42

true or false: depending on the individual upward social comparison can be motivating or discouraging

Answer 42

true

Question 43

what is the self serving bias

Answer 43

tendency to take personal credit for your success and blame external forces for your failures

Question 44

true or false: we expect to succeed so naturally we connect our successes w our own attributes

Answer 44

true

Question 45

true or false: people tend to devalue traits or characteristics they don't have

Answer 45

true

Question 46

why do we like to think we have control over our lives

Answer 46

it enhances and protects our self image

Question 47

when sense of control is taken away how do people react

Answer 47

negatively- decreased motivation, decreased interest in activities, and crucial health implications

Question 48

what is the awareness that one will at some point die called

Answer 48

mortality salience

Question 49

true or false: knowing that we are going to die, we tend to adopt spiritual and cultural views that provide meaning to our life

Answer 49

true

Question 50

true or false: when thoughts of death threaten our self image, we become more favorable toward those who validate our values

Answer 50

true

Question 51

what is the attribution theory

Answer 51

theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior

Question 52

was behavior intended, were the behavior's consequences foreseeable, was the behavior freely chosen, did the behavior occur despite countering forces

Answer 52

the 4 principles of the correspondent inference theory

Question 53

what are the 3 criteria for the covariation model

Answer 53

consensus, distinctiveness, consistency

Question 54

consensus refers to whether

Answer 54

other people in act in the similar way

Question 55

distinctiveness refers to whether

Answer 55

individual behaves similarly in similar situations

Question 56

consistency refers to

Answer 56

whether individual behaves similarly across time in the same situation

Question 57

judgmental rule that states that as the # of possible causes for an event increases, our confidence that any particular cause is true is the true one should DECREASE

Answer 57

discounting principle

Question 58

judgmental rule that states that if an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible cause that lead toward the event

Answer 58

augmenting principle

Question 59

true or false: when happy we use mental shortcuts, inversely when sad we're particularly aware of our surroundings

Answer 59

true

Question 60

true or false: subjects high in need for cognition are better at detecting deception

Answer 60

true

Question 61

the need for accuracy or to be correct stems from what

Answer 61

from the need to have control

Question 62

true or false: we won't be able to think deeply if we lack necessary attentional resources

Answer 62

true