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PSY 314 > Exam 1 - Ch 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four processes of social cognition

A

attention, interpretation, judgment, memory

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2
Q

true or false: people are likely to pay attention to negative things w people you may not know, while pay attention to positive things w people you do know

A

true

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3
Q

what the goals of social cognition

A

to be flexible, think well of self, to be accurate

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4
Q

what is flexibility

A

the ability ti adapt to different contexts and conserve mental effort

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5
Q

what are expectations

A

presumptions of people and situations, can be accurate or not quite

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6
Q

broad inferences of personality traits based on their behaviors

A

dispositional inferences

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7
Q

why do we partake in conserving mental effort

A

complex information rich world and limited human attentional capacity

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8
Q

what is anchoring and adjustment

A

anchoring based on a judgment and then adjusting with attainment of new information

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9
Q

true or false: arousal and circadian rhythms cause us to use conserving mental efforts

A

true

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10
Q

true or false: people w high need for structure DO NOT need more mental shortcuts

A

false

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11
Q

true or false: people in complex situations or time pressure situations are MORE likely to use mental shortcuts

A

true

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12
Q

why do we have cognitive strategies for enhancing and protecting the self

A

because we want to preserve a positive self image, we want to feel good about ourselves

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13
Q

why do we like to believe we have control

A

because we like to think our success are a result of our choices

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14
Q

who is MORE likely to use cognitive strategies to enhance the self, individual w low or high self esteem and why

A

individuals w high self esteem because they need to enhance and maintain their already existing self image

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15
Q

true or false: individuals w low levels of self esteem DO NOT use cognitive strategies of to enhance the self

A

false-they do, just not as much as those w high self esteem

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16
Q

how culturally universal is the need for positive self-regard

A

both individualistic and collectivistic cultures use it, just that they use it in different ways

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17
Q

what is attributional logic

A

seeking the causes of behavior

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18
Q

what are two models we use for attributional logic

A

correspondent inference theory and covariation model

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19
Q

true or false: when we are unhappy mood we are less likely to seek more information

A

false - happy mood leads to less info seeking

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20
Q

true or false: individuals who like critically think are more likely to seek an accurate understand

A

true

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21
Q

selecting info - process of consciously focusing on aspects of one’s environment or oneself, is limited

A

attention

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22
Q

the things we pay attention to is influenced by what

A

personal interests, social class, values, beliefs

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23
Q

giving information meaning - determining what info we pick up, through attention, means

A

interpretation

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24
Q

true or false: our values DO NOT influence the way we interpret things

A

false

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25
Q

using info to form impressions and make decisions

A

judgement

26
Q

stored information for future use

A

memory

27
Q

true or false: memories can influences new judgements

A

true

28
Q

what are expectations

A

our beliefs about the world, what we expect

29
Q

when an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectations to come true

A

self-fulfilling prophecies

30
Q

the judgement that a person’s behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person’s personality

A

dispositional inferences

31
Q

tendency to overestimate the casual influence of personality and behavior, and underestimate casual role of situational influences

A

correspondence bias

32
Q

what is a cognitive heuristic

A

a metal shortcut used to make a judgement

33
Q

mental shortcut used to classify something as belonging to a certain category, similar to a typical case from that category

A

representative heuristic

34
Q

mental shortcut used to estimate likelihood of an event by the ease of which instances of that event come to mind

A

availability heuristic

35
Q

tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree w us

A

false consensus effect

36
Q

mental shortcut where we start w an estimation and adjust by taking unique characteristic of present situation

A

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

37
Q

true or false: being aroused DOES NOT make us use cognitive heuristics

A

false

38
Q

people who are motivated to organize their mental and physical worlds are people who _______

A

need structure

39
Q

true or false: when we have to justify our reasoning we are LESS likely to use cognitive shortcuts

A

true

40
Q

process pf comparing ourselves w those who are less well off

A

downward social comparison

41
Q

process of comparing ourselves w those who are better off

A

upward social comparison

42
Q

true or false: depending on the individual upward social comparison can be motivating or discouraging

A

true

43
Q

what is the self serving bias

A

tendency to take personal credit for your success and blame external forces for your failures

44
Q

true or false: we expect to succeed so naturally we connect our successes w our own attributes

A

true

45
Q

true or false: people tend to devalue traits or characteristics they don’t have

A

true

46
Q

why do we like to think we have control over our lives

A

it enhances and protects our self image

47
Q

when sense of control is taken away how do people react

A

negatively- decreased motivation, decreased interest in activities, and crucial health implications

48
Q

what is the awareness that one will at some point die called

A

mortality salience

49
Q

true or false: knowing that we are going to die, we tend to adopt spiritual and cultural views that provide meaning to our life

A

true

50
Q

true or false: when thoughts of death threaten our self image, we become more favorable toward those who validate our values

A

true

51
Q

what is the attribution theory

A

theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior

52
Q

was behavior intended, were the behavior’s consequences foreseeable, was the behavior freely chosen, did the behavior occur despite countering forces

A

the 4 principles of the correspondent inference theory

53
Q

what are the 3 criteria for the covariation model

A

consensus, distinctiveness, consistency

54
Q

consensus refers to whether

A

other people in act in the similar way

55
Q

distinctiveness refers to whether

A

individual behaves similarly in similar situations

56
Q

consistency refers to

A

whether individual behaves similarly across time in the same situation

57
Q

judgmental rule that states that as the # of possible causes for an event increases, our confidence that any particular cause is true is the true one should DECREASE

A

discounting principle

58
Q

judgmental rule that states that if an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible cause that lead toward the event

A

augmenting principle

59
Q

true or false: when happy we use mental shortcuts, inversely when sad we’re particularly aware of our surroundings

A

true

60
Q

true or false: subjects high in need for cognition are better at detecting deception

A

true

61
Q

the need for accuracy or to be correct stems from what

A

from the need to have control

62
Q

true or false: we won’t be able to think deeply if we lack necessary attentional resources

A

true

PSY 314 (10 decks)

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