Exam 3 - Chapter 10

Question 1

_____ - behavior intended to injure another

Answer 1

aggression

Question 2

_____ - behavior intended to demonstrate dominance or confidence

Answer 2

assertiveness

Question 3

_____ ____ - behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation

Answer 3

indirect aggression

Question 4

_____ ____- behavior intendeds to hurt someone to his or her face either verbally or physically

Answer 4

direct aggression

Question 5

_____ - hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings

Answer 5

emotional aggression

Question 6

_____ - hurting another person to accomplish some other goal

Answer 6

instrumental aggression

Question 7

throwing a chair at a coworker at blind rage is an example of _______; while purposely tripping the start player on the opposing team is an example of ______

Answer 7

emotional aggression; instrumental aggression

Question 8

true or false: levels of aggression specifically on sex differences depend on individual definitions for aggression

Answer 8

true - men are more likely to take part in physical aggression such as assault and murder, however women are more likely to participate in indirect aggression like ‘talking shit’

Question 9

why are women less likely to part in physical aggression in comparison to men?

Answer 9

women are physically smaller and not as strong as men, therefore instead of direct aggression they participate more in indirect aggression

Question 10

what are some reasons to be aggressive?

Answer 10

-influence people
-gain power
-dominance over others
-create impression of toughness
-gain money
-gain social approval
-discharge negative feelings

Question 11

what is the “life instinct” and “death instinct” in relation to why people act aggressively?

Answer 11

the idea that individuals act aggressively as an instinct to survival when necessary, and NOT to act aggressively in certain situations when it might get them in trouble rather than benefit

Question 12

_____ - indirect expression of an aggressive impulse towards a person or animal who did not cause feelings of aggression

Answer 12

displacement

Question 13

______ - idea that aggressive impulses build up and they need to be released

Answer 13

catharsis-aggression theory

Question 14

____ - discharge of aggressive impulses

Answer 14

catharsis

Question 15

why would consuming violent media increase the violent behaviors of viewers?

Answer 15

idea that we exhibit behaviors that we observe, therefore is we consume media with violent behavior we are more likely to take part in those behaviors in comparison to someone who does not consume the same violent media

Question 16

in what ways in aggressive behavior a strategy for survival?

Answer 16

controlling territory, dividing limited resources, and defend young

Question 17

what are the four main functions that aggression serves?

Answer 17

to cope with feelings of annoyance, to gain material or social rewards, to gain or maintain status, and to protect oneself and members

Question 18

______ - theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal directed behavior, this theory implies that someone who is acting aggressively was frustrated prior or that when frustrated and act of aggression will follow

Answer 18

frustration-aggression theory

Question 19

______ - theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings

Answer 19

reformulated frustration-aggression theory

Question 20

what are the main forms of unpleasant stimulation that contributes to the ‘negative feelings’ of reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis ?

Answer 20

frustration, pain, heat

Question 21

true or false: ‘unpleasant feelings’ may or may not lead to overtly aggressive behavior

Answer 21

true - even though ‘unpleasant feelings’ such as frustration, pain, and heat can increase the likelihood that someone will take part in aggressive behavior, it ultimately comes down to the person and situation

Question 22

_____ - theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any forma of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive response

Answer 22

excitation-transfer theory

Question 23

_____ - a group of personality characteristics, including time-urgency and competitiveness

Answer 23

Type A behavior pattern

Question 24

how does a Type B personality look like?

Answer 24

more laid back approach to deadlines and competition in comparison to Type A personality

Question 25

_____- the feeling that one has less than others who one compares ourselves to

Answer 25

relative deprivation

Question 26

the fact that # of lynching increased as the economy got progressively worse is an example of what concept?

Answer 26

relative deprivation - white people were not doing so good economically, therefore they had to take it out on black, being the ones they constantly compared themselves to, to make themselves feel better

Question 27

______ - theory that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative thoughts

Answer 27

cognitive - neoassociation theory

Question 28

true or false: when people get annoyed they change their way of thinking

Answer 28

true - this is in relation to the cognitive-neoassociatio theory, feelings of annoyance being the unpleasantness that changes the way we process things internally

Question 29

if negative feelings are more associated with fearful thoughts and associations, an individual is more likely to flight or fight?

Answer 29

flight

Question 30

if negative feeling are more associated with angry thoughts and associations, an individual is more likely to flight or fight?

Answer 30

fight

Question 31

______ - tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 31

weapons effect

Question 32

true or false: some people create their own annoying situations

Answer 32

true - some people choose situations that match their personal characteristics, for example a Type A person would choose situations they can engage in competitive and urgent matters

Question 33

Al Capone resulted to aggressive behaviors, such as killing, to gain power and material benefits this goes to show ......

Answer 33

how people may take part in aggressive behaviors to gain material and social rewards

Question 34

______- theory that aggression is learned through direct reward or by watching others being rewards for aggressive behaviors

Answer 34

social learning theory

Question 35

what is in example that exemplifies how rewards for aggressive behaviors may come INDIRECTLY

Answer 35

the experiment by Bandura, where kids saw people act aggressively towards a bobo doll and be rewarded so then they acted aggressively towards the bobo doll as well

Question 36

______ - individual characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, low empathy, grandiose self-worth, and lack of sensitivity to punishment. such individuals are inclined to act aggressively for personal gain

Answer 36

psychopath

Question 37

_____- sharing emotions of another

Answer 37

empathy

Question 38

individuals who experience high levels of empathy are most likely to ....

Answer 38

put themselves in others shoes

Question 39

how does alcohol intoxication affect empathy

Answer 39

alcohol intoxication turns off normal empathetic feelings, lowering empathy levels and lack of concern for others, contributing to the link between aggressiveness and alcohol

Question 40

______ - narrow focus of attention on whatever seem most important to the person at the moment, for example Snooki when intoxicated looking for Gionni

Answer 40

alcohol myopia

Question 41

_______- statistical combination of results from different studies of the same topic; discovering commonalities across studies

Answer 41

meta-analyses

Question 42

what form of violence does porn glamorize?

Answer 42

rape

Question 43

status linked aggression has to do w what 3 concepts?

Answer 43

sexual selection, testosterone, and southern culture of honor

Question 44

______- the principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring [females more than males] will be more careful in choosing mates

Answer 44

differential parental investment

Question 45

______- form of natural selection where animals favor characteristics that assist in attracting mates or competing w members of their own sex, ultimately increasing the chances of finding a mate

Answer 45

sexual selection

Question 46

true or false: males have greater quantities of testosterone in blood streams than women

Answer 46

true

Question 47

" a greater percentage of male murderers are motivated by the desire to retaliate for previous insult or put down", correlates to what concept

Answer 47

culture of honor

Question 48

_____- a set of norm w the idea that people (men) should ready to defend their honor w violent retaliation if necessary

Answer 48

culture of honor

Question 49

true or false: it used to be hard to get a conviction in the south if the victim had insulted the perpetuator

Answer 49

true - this is due to the influence of 'culture of honor' that exists in the south

Question 50

male struggle for dominance is linked to what

Answer 50

linked w successful reproduction, aka getting a girl

Question 51

what two factors combine to contribute to the highest levels of delinquency

Answer 51

low socioeconomic status and high levels of testosterone

Question 52

true or false: people w low self esteem are more aggressive than those w high self esteem

Answer 52

false - those w high self esteem are more aggressive because of their over inflated personality

Question 53

why are the 'most aggressive children' just frightened instead of being heartless?

Answer 53

because these children tend to be overly emotional and they have the tendency to perceive others to be threatening

Question 54

_______- tendency to notice threats and to interpret other people's behavior to do harm

Answer 54

defensive attributional style

Question 55

true or false: men are likely to kill their partners as a pattern of harassment and attempted control, while women are likely to kill their partners as self-defense

Answer 55

true

Question 56

______- assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced abasing the likely dangers

Answer 56

effect/danger ratio

Question 57

how does the effect/danger ratio link to women aggression

Answer 57

there is a misconception that women do not get as angry as men because they do not exhibit aggressive behaviors to the extent that men do, however that is wrong because women take into account "effect/danger ratio" as they are typically smaller in size and have less strength then men so they exhibit their aggressiveness in other ways

Question 58

true or false: when gender is taken away, women act as violently/aggressively as men do

Answer 58

true

Question 59

true or false: a child who views the world more aggressively acts to create the world more aggressively

Answer 59

true - we exhibit what we see, especially children because they copy whatever behaviors they witness

Question 60

guns purchased for 'self-defense' are more likely to be used against who

Answer 60

used against friends or acquaintances

Question 61

true or false: guns in the home lead to more suicides than homicides

Answer 61

true

Question 62

1. alternate techniques for gaining rewards 2. teaching was to handle annoyance and unpleasant arousal 3. punishing aggressive behaviors

Answer 62

all ways reduce angry arousal

Question 63

instead of placing money and effort into catching criminal we should instead use those efforts to prevent violence before it even happens, some possible ways are .....

Answer 63

establish a curfew for young trouble makers and policy that reflects gun control

Question 64

the 3 criteria for defining behavior

Answer 64

1. aggression is a behavior 2. intended or purposeful 3. behavior is aimed at hurting another

Question 65

aggression is an evolutionary productive because ....

Answer 65

it enables survival

Question 66

what is the common assumption in regards to gender and aggression

Answer 66

that men are more aggressive than women, however that is not entirely true because both are just as aggressive they just exhibit aggression differently

Question 67

true or false: men are more likely to put their hands on their aromatic partners

Answer 67

false- women are more likely to do so

Question 68

______ is a behavior intended to injure another person a) assertiveness b) deviance c) aggression d) anger

Answer 68

c) aggression

Question 69

An individual founds out he lost his job. The next day, he storms into the office where he used to work at and shoots some of his coworkers because he was "just so angry at all of them". This action is an example of a) indirect aggression b) assertive aggression c) emotional aggression d) instrumental aggression

Answer 69

c) emotional aggression

Question 70

The tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as the a) weapons effect b) excitation-transfers effect c) anger displacement effect d) hostility effect

Answer 70

a) weapons effect

Question 71

true or false: iron promotes sexual violence towards women; specifically rape

Answer 71

true

Question 72

An individual who is characterized by lack of empathy for others, a grandiose sense of self-worth, and a lack of of sensitivity to punishment is known as a a) psychopath b) frustrated aggressor c) schizophrenic d) xenophobe

Answer 72

a) psychopath

Question 73

A researcher wants to know if exercise decreases depression. Dozens of studies that test this relationship have been conducted, so the researcher wants to combine them all to investigate the issue. The best methodology is a) meta-analyses b) experience sampling c) archival studies d) a field experiment

Answer 73

a) meta-analyses

Question 74

the evolutionary principle that the gender that contributes more resources to the upbringing and care of offspring will be more careful in selecting a mate is known as a) sexual selection b) resource allocation c) biparental care d) differential parental investment

Answer 74

d) differential parental investment

Question 75

Dr. Jones wants to increase aggressive tendencies in her experimental participants. Which of the following substances could she use to increase aggressive tendencies? a) progesterone b) oxytocin c) testosterone d) dopamine

Answer 75

c) testosterone

Question 76

A tendency to notice a threat and to interpret other people's behaviors as intended to cause harm is called a) hostile instrumentality b) self-serving bias c) defensive attributional style d) threat monitoring

Answer 76

c) defensive attributional style

Question 77

According to your textbook, what is the effect of having a gun in the home for self-protection? a) gun owners are less likely to be robbed b) gun owners increase their own likelihood of being killed c) gun owners are two times less likely to be killed in their own homes d) gun owners become more paranoid of being robbed

Answer 77

b) gun owners increases their own likelihood of being killed

Question 78

Which of the following actions is an example of aggression? A) teasing someone as a joke B) being very angry at someone C) physically attacking someone D) all of the above

Answer 78

c) physically attacking someone